Bouncers Essay

BOUNCERS BOUNCERS John Godber’s play, ‘BOUNCERS,’ was written and performed in the year 1977 and captures the generalised stereotypes of a group of Bouncers, Girls and ‘Lagalads’ on a night out in the town. With only four members in the cast, Godber cleverly directs the performance to be comedic and easily understandable through the actors’ characterisation and clever use of lighting and set. The play takes you through a typical Friday night in town at a club called ‘asylum,’ which creates a strong reference suggesting it is a place where all the ‘crazy’ people go.It begins with each of the four bouncers individually walking on stage with a solid posture as a Bouncer. Each one would then suddenly break out into a dance move; the first bouncer was able to ‘lock and pop’ really well and as each one came out, the worse they got, immediately connecting with the audience as they found it hilarious. This is one of Godber’s techniques to keep the audience engaged at all times, as jokes are told that the audience understand and can relate to, ultimately making the performance more enjoyable for both the actors and audience.The play then continues on to tell the story in episodes due to its episodic structure, about a group of four girls who are preparing for a night out. Godber’s use of clean transitions allowed the plot to unfold fluently; the only four objects on stage (four beer barrels), were collected by the actors whilst they spoke, and two actors collected a beer barrel each to be placed into the centre of the stage acting as chairs and then would continue on to the next scene, making it clear to the audience that there was a scene change by introducing the characters they were representing.This is one of Godber’s techniques that was influenced by Bertolt Brecht, which is used to stop the audience thinking about what the characters are like and just concentrate on the performance. The lighting between transitions also indicated that there was a scene change, as it would either the whole stage would either be brightly lit or dimmer and more intimate, which is another influence of Brecht’s, as he would contrast and juxtaposition scenes. I found that by introducing the characters, the audience were able to enjoy he performance as they were constantly told who the actors were representing and didn’t get confused. However, I found that because the characterisation between each of the character’s they played was so different and you were able to differentiate between each one easily, the constant introductions were unnecessary. The acting style for all of the actors was very comedic throughout the play. This was portrayed extremely effectively, as their slick comedic timing between lines was fast and sharp making it very humorous.The characterisation of each of the characters also added to the comedy, especially when they were representing the female characters, as their bodies were very relaxed and they used exaggerated feminine gestures. Additionally, their versatile use of vocals created even further humour, as they could be loud and raucous ‘lagalads,’ contrasting to soft and gentle women and this created a lot of enjoyment for the audience, keeping them engaged throughout the whole play. Godber’s choice of a completely open setting worked effectively for this type of performance.The entertainment in the play was purely created by actors themselves, and the set didn’t detract away from this but emphasised it. By being completely open, the audience are able to see the good quality of acting the actors could do as they didn’t have any support from any sort of set. The lighting however, set the scene as much as the actors, as the flashing and changing lights indicated that they were dancing in the club, whereas the solid flickering lights positioned on each actor clearl y and effectively indicated that they were portraying a scene on a bus.This scene was also clear due to the actors jiggering up and down and miming holding on to a handle bar above their heads. This effective scene was one of my personal highlights of the play as it was a very clever technique used by Godber and was clearly recognised. My other favourite scene was the hairdressers near the beginning, and particularly in that scene one of the actors using their hands and clicking their fingers behind someone’s another actors head representing a pair of scissors cutting someone’s hair. I found this extremely effective and easily recognisable.I particularly liked the transition between the hairdressers scene into the barbers immediately after, as all of the actors simply stood up out of character and said ‘Barber’s,’ indicating the scene change, and this was emphasised by the physicality dropping from the women into loud and scrambling men. I thoroughl y enjoyed ‘BOUNCERS’ due to it’s comedy style and the actor’s excellent acting. As it was very up to date with the choice of music and clubbing scenes, I could engage with the play easily as it is what I am being brought up around in society today and this slowed me to enjoy it even further.

Military history Essay

You [Military professionals] must know something about strategy and tactics and logistics, but also economics and politics and diplomacy and history. You must know everything you can know about military power, and you must also understand the limits of military power. You must understand that few of the important problems of our time have in the final analysis, been solved by military power alone–John F. Kennedy (Quoted from â€Å"Winning the Peace the Requirement for Full-spectrum Operations† by Chiarelli and Michaelis (2005). Military history-just like any other form of history- can make or break you depending on how you use it. In US, for example, military battles and wars can be traced back to the 1700s when America was in the verge of attaining independence. From then onwards, there have been a series of wars-mainly in their conquest and colonization efforts. In other parts of the world, military history also faced variable evolutions that led to the utilization of different forms and strategies. All these wars can however be collectively summarized with the first and second world wars which saw direct or indirect participation of almost all countries from all over the world (Gabel, 1985, p. 1-85). It is from studying such rich history that current military professionals are able to have a relatively easy time when going about their vital schedules. These lessons can be in form of making improvements on already discovered fundamental concepts or alternatively, learning from past mistakes by avoiding them. Failure to positively learn comes with a bag-full of consequences; more aptly put in the words of John Santayana â€Å"Those who do not know history are doomed to repeat it. † In giving his contribution to this vastly debated subject, RAF (2010, p. 152) rhetorically asks that â€Å"If the study of history is so fraught with problems, and either so easy to get wrong or difficult to get right, depending on one’s view of the contents of the glass, why bother at all? † Well, so many answers-backed with evidences-have been advanced to support both ends of the debate. However, the focus of this paper is going to be on circumspectly highlighting the importance of studying military history-which most researchers amass as being vital-while partly highlighting its demerits. Before delving deep into why we should or should not study military history, it is inherent that we start by mentioning the importance of history as an entity in itself. It is from getting this background knowledge that we will be able to ardently address the issue of military history. Most scholars tend to heavily draw their knowledge from historical data; so they strongly commend the study of history in general. Others, on the other hand, either oppose it or support sparing use of historical sources. To the latter, history-more so the written type-is subject to people’s interpretations, understandings and opinions thus may be misleading in studies since it is not very accurate or reliable (RAF, 2010, p. 153). For example, Presher (1901) describes his views on America’s abuse of noncombatants in a Filipino village. To some historians, the abuse described here was not really abuse but just an exercise of power. Both views might therefore be very confusing to people trying to get the real picture of what happened during that time. According to RAF (2010, p. 153), the literature studied in history â€Å"Is inevitably extensive and, almost equally inevitably, much of it is impenetrable on first inspection. † This may also deviate from what is really meant. RAF goes ahead and advises that if we are to get the most accurate and precise representation of what happened, we need to study â€Å"In breadth, depth and arguably most importantly in a proper context. † We should also ensure that we focus on many sources from authoritative individuals so as to get facts rather than myths or fables which might be misleading (p. 152-156). For instance, The long shadow of little rock is a personal memoir of Daisy Bates which makes the writing authentic and credible as opposed to other military history records which are narrated from the perspective of hearsays. Just like any major area of human concern, the study of military history has its predefined language and concepts. Consequently, when studying military history, it is inherent that you familiarize yourself with jargons used here. For example, words like Strategic, operational, Tactical and Individual are used in military history to represent the realms of traditional history (Kagan (2006). It is also important to note that the studies should be conducted in an order. Haphazard studies tend to confuse rather than perform the fundamental functions of studying military history. Having said that, what really are the advantages of studying military history? Elementarily, RAF (2010, p. 157) documents that military history studies by military professionals offers entertainment, inspiration, information and pride to its students. Just by studying about the escapades of our historical heroes and villains in their military obligations, we are able to get entertainment since most of the stories are appalling. On top of that, we get informed from the in-depth descriptions of the war times. In With the Old Breed, Sledge (2001) grippingly describes the horrendous experiences at Peleliu and Okinawa while informing the readers of how difficult it was to survive during that time. In effect, someone studying the story gets informed and entertained at the same time. Murray & Sinnreich (2006, p. 32) assert that â€Å"Military history helps provide the theoretical foundation for the science of war, and continues to do so even in an era of huge technological and social change. † Gabel (1985, p. 3) exemplifies this by talking of â€Å"clumsy, unreliable, difficult to operate† fight tanks that provided a basis for the formation of better tanks to be used in other wars. In another example to show how one piece of history laid theoretical foundation for another, Lupfer (1981, p. 8) says that: The Germans did not win the First World War and their strategic conduct of the war was often flawed. Yet, much value can be derived from their development of tactical doctrine, for the Germans developed and applied new tactical doctrine impressively in 1917 and 1918. Their tactical changes were systematic and thorough, for these changes in doctrine directly affected subsequent battlefield success. In addition, studying military history provides a platform for referencing by military professionals. Lupfer (1981, p. 8) articulates of changes made by the army of Germany courtesy of army’s high command—OHL. First, a defensive doctrine is adopted based on previous studies then later, an offensive strategy is adopted. In the long run, the German army succeeds in curbing their oppositions in the western fronts. According to Hanson (2007), military history also plays the irreplaceable role of reminding us happenings of the past and how the people back then contributed to our current state. The numerous documentations of the battles in the 1700s helps us not only to know the sacrifices endure for the achievement of independence but also reminds to be grateful and appreciative of all the villains who paved the way for the current freedoms in the U. S Moreover, military trainings only cover a small portion of the fundamental aspects involved in military education. Most scholars opinionate that military history helps in filling the knowledge void left by other forms of military education. Specifically, military history enhances practicability of military education which is crucial for the growth of military professionals. Hanson (2007) adds that â€Å"Democratic citizenship requires knowledge of war—and now, in the age of weapons of mass annihilation, more than ever. † It is for this reason that institutions that focus on military history are slowly-but steadily- rising in many nations. This is also evident with the various movies, shows and songs that currently tend to incorporate aspects of military history. Examples include award-wining movies like Troy and 300 among many others. In spite of being hugely debated by many researchers, Hanson-and a handful of other scholars-further opinionate that military history teaches us that war is not necessarily as bad as most people perceive it to be. So even though millions of people may get killed or innumerable properties may get destroyed, through war, we may get peace, freedom or even progress economically which is positive. In other words, war involves doing something bad with the hope that something good may come out of it. This can be exemplified with the outcomes of the vastly covered World wars (WWI and WWII); despite the numerous deaths and huge economic losses that resulted from them, the wars also pioneered dialogue which led to freedom and peace amongst the involved states. On the flipside, the study of war does not necessarily equate to advantages. Chiarelli and Michaelis (2005) support this statement by saying that â€Å"A gun on every street corner, although visually appealing, provides only a short-term solution and does not equate to long-term security grounded in a democratic process. † So in spite of peace being the ultimate target for wars, many wars end up with worse rivalry thus worsening the already bad situation. In instances where peace or freedom was not realized from the war, students who study the war may end up sucking in bad influence and negative lessons rather than the positive lessons that is targeted for them. It is also important to note that some people who study military history may get private information on some confidential issues which may pose a threat to those living around them. An example is chemical combinations of making a bomb landing in the hands of a terrorist. This poses a danger not only to people living around the terrorist but also on the country as a whole. Yet still, the study of military history can prove quite costly and risky. So many people currently focus on technological advancements, discovery of new drugs to solve the current diseases, making work easier through software among other things. I effect, very little time and attention is given to studying of past histories. The fact that history cannot be changed yet we can determine what becomes of our future makes even more people gutter the study of history while concentrating on current affairs as well as prospective forecasts. As a result, those who concentrate on studying military history mostly have to personally dig into their pockets so as to the studies as opposed to the millions of dollars donated daily towards new researches. In addition, those who study military history have to sometimes come to terms with poor hospitality and hostility from their subjects. In Dougherty’s (2005, p. 1) interview of historian and free-lance writer Robert Kaplan on his military research book Imperial Grunts: The American Military on the Ground, Kaplan reveals that he had to trail soldiers through inhospitable and volatile areas just to get an interview from them. In his studies, he visited Yemen, Iraq, Ethiopia and Philippines- who at the time of the interviews were quite unwelcoming thus making it difficult for him to get substantial information. Dougherty (2005, p. 1) further exemplifies these acrid conditions by saying that in order for Kaplan to get valuable information from the soldiers, â€Å"He immerses himself in their world, spending weeks and months living with soldiers in their quarters, joining their missions, eating, drinking, sweating, freezing, and sometimes starving, side-by-side with them. † Adding on to the demerits, Kagan (2006) says that the complex nature of military language which involves â€Å"Unit sizes and nomenclature, acronyms and abbreviations, typologies of military activity† may sometimes prove too multifarious and confusing to normal students (those without professional military knowledge). Dougherty (2005, p. 3-6) gets Kaplan to talk about the complex language that existed between the military sergeants, generals and commanders in their communication. In some cases, it was even a must for the military officials to know and communicate in other foreign languages. At such points, some meanings maybe distorted to those recording as well as those studying the history based on the various communication syntaxes and rules that govern different regions. Lastly, the proliferation in ways of solving disputes has lessened the use of military personnel by most countries. As of today, most disputes are solved through dialogues, courts and round-table negotiations by world superpowers. In effect, the study of military is only done by a few people who rarely dig deep into these annals of history. The many fundamental functions that military history provides are therefore slowly being corroded away by the ever increasing modern forms of conflict resolution. In conclusion, it is noteworthy to say that military history plays an important role in preparing soldiers for wars. It may not necessarily empower them but it offers them insights on how their opponents fight, their strengths, weaknesses, previously successful combat methods, what they should avoid among other vital details which are invaluable before going to war. On the other hand, military history should be used sparingly so as to avoid complacency by soldiers based on overconfidence. Aptly put in the words of Henry Kissinger (1978); â€Å"History is not, of course, a cookbook offering pretested recipes. It teaches by analogy, not maxims. It can illuminate the consequences of actions in comparable situations, yet each generation must discover for itself what situations are in fact comparable. † References Bates, D. (1987). T The long shadow of little rock. Fayetteville. P. 1 – 5, 43 – 76, 82 – 106. [64 pages] Chiarelli, P. W. , & Michaelis, P. R. (July-August, 2005). Winning the peace: The requirement for full-spectrum operations. Military Review, p. 1 – 17. Dougherty, E. (2005). Warriors for Good: Interview with Robert Kaplan. Atlantic Unbound. Gabel, C. R. (1985). Seek, strike, and destroy: U. S. army tank destroyer doctrine in World War II. Hanson, V. D. (2007). Why study war? CITY journal. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://www. city-journal.org/html/17_3_military_history. html Kagan, F. W. (2006). Why military history matters. AEI Online. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://www. aei. org/outlook/24600 Kaplan, R. (October, 2005). Imperial Grunts: With the army special forces in the Philippines and Afghanistan—laboratories of counterinsurgency. The Atlantic Monthly, p. 84 – 93. Lupfer, T. T. (1981). The dynamics of doctrine: the change in German tactical doctrine during the First World War. Murray, W. , & Sinnreich R. H. (2006). The past as prologue: the importance of history to the military profession. Google Books. p. 32. Presher, F. (1999). Private Frederick Presher describes the U. S. Army’s abuse of noncombatants in a Filipino village, 1901. Major Problems in American Military History. p. 230 – 231. RAF, P. W. G. (2005). XII. Why Study Military History? Defence Studies, 5(1), p. 151-164. Retrieved May 18, 2010, from http://dx. doi. org/10. 1080/14702430500097408 Sledge, E. B. (1981) With the Old Breed: At Peleliu and Okinawa. P. 55 – 10.

Music vs. Books Essay

We live in the age of information; where our generation needs some sort of communication in various ways. Weather it may be through music or books, there are several variations on communication, just depends on how you want to target them in order to get the information across. Both music and books have similarities as well as differences. Each has its’ own advantages and disadvantages. Music produces sound that is also a form of art, where books are illustrated pieces of paper which are presented in a different way than music; such as written form. Music and books can have advanced effects on your life in different ways, like music can have more of an effect on you then a book would. With in doing so comparing the two; they have both been traced back in time to as far as the ninth century B. C. , Books back then had been written on stone, tree bark, metals and clay while music had been around for about forty thousand years. Both music and book have been passed down from generation to generation. Music from where it started until today has many genres such as; Jazz, Hip Hop, Rap, Folk, Oldies, County, R&B, and so much more, books come in various ways such as; magazines, news papers, and journals. Due to its advantages, music is considered more. Music has an advantage where it uses sound while books use the eyes to relay the messages, for some people hearing is an advantage to seeing and vice versa. In order to read a book you have to be educated where music you don’t need the prior education, and you only have to understand the music to understand the message the singer is putting across. Books will give you information that you are looking for while music gives you the information while as entertaining you at the same time. Many people at one time can listen to much while with a book only one person can MUSIC VS. BOOKS 3 read it at a time. Some books can carry hidden messages that the author is trying to get across, while music is direct and to the point. Books tend to stimulate mental journeys and expanded awareness of realities different from our own. This is a very true statement, because a person can use his or her own experiences and compare them to a different reality. When a person reads about an explorer and his many adventures, it can make he or she think about testing their limits and own abilities and go out and pursue their own journeys. Both books and music need parental guidance. There are so many different vulgarities that song writers and authors use, it makes parents worry about what their children read and/or listen to. Different types of music can give either a negative or positive impact on people, sometimes music can give both negative and positive impacts. It truly depends on how a person interprets a certain song or lyric. Books have almost the same affect as music in this aspect. Books can be very useful and eye-opening, and they can also be misleading. Most generally non-fiction books and biographies tend to be useful, where fictional books can be misleading, for example, a book can say that there are talking bears when in reality bears and other animals do not have this ability. Music and books can be great influences as well as bad influences sometimes. It all depends on how a person acts, reacts, and interprets what he or she reads or hears. Both music and books can impact a person’s life in a positive way. Music allows someone to express themselves and his or her emotions. A book allows a person to escape reality and enter into an alternate reality, and allows his or her mind to partake in events that they would never be able to in real life. Music vs. Books 4 References Recomparison. com  © 2012 reComparison – Compare it Yourself http://recomparison. com/comparisons/100456/influence-of-books-vs-influence-of-music/

The English Disease, an explanation of how and why people become Essay

The English Disease, an explanation of how and why people become involved in football hooliganism, and how the state deals with it - Essay Example The research also evaluated the current state of laws and measures and found them to be both insufficient and at times redundant to curb football hooliganism. The research recommends that the state move away from treating football hooliganism as just another crime. Instead, there is a need to undertake an exhaustive study into the reasons why football hooligans operate. Once these reasons are know, the state needs to build up partnership with local communities, schools and families in both preventing and reporting incidences of football hooliganism. There has been an increased in the incidences of football fans creating havoc and indulging in fights before, during and after the matches of their favourite teams. These incidences are seen as a revival of what had come to be known as football hooliganism and had plagued the game in the 1960s through the 1980s. The term, ‘football hooliganism’, itself is defined in various ways and includes several different acts of vandalism. Football hooliganism has largely been described in the media as acts of violence and chaos created by the fans of football clubs during the matches. The term is also inclusive of acts of violence and even gang wars that may occur at a much later period after the matches are over or before they have begun, and would include fan clubs and gangs. Though, football hooliganism is recognized by the state as a crime that leads to arrests and punishments, the term itself has not been clearly defined in legal terms. The current paper endeavours to arrive at a conclusive understanding of the term football hooliganism and to develop a holistic definition for the same. With this, it is expected that insights could be gained for developing better prevention and penal programs. Moreover, the phenomenon of football hooliganism that had originally been noticed in the early 18th century has

A Mental Health Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

A Mental Health Case Study - Essay Example The case study indicates that Carol had consumed a high range of alcohol (0.15 PCA) when she was breath tested by Police at the road side. Her roadside test result for cannabis use was also positive. It seems that Carol has been drinking daily (3-4 drinks) for the past 3 weeks and using cannabis since she was 18 years old. From the case study, it is clear that Carol had a broken family background which has an adverse impact on her present life. She lost her job due to her increased absence from work. In addition, she had recently broken up with her boyfriend and this event dreadfully impacted her mind. Carol admitted that smoke and drink assist her to forget all problems. From this scenario, it is obvious that she takes increased amounts of substance to achieve the desired effect (mental relaxation and elimination of sorrows). Carol also meets the 7th criterion that states, â€Å"the substance abuse is continued despite knowledge of having a persistent or recurrent physical or psych ological problem that is likely to have caused or exacerbated by the substance†. 2. While analyzing the prevalence of cannabis in Australia, it is obvious that this drug is widely available in Australia. ... According to this bulletin, no person thinks that hydro cannabis is very difficult to find. Reports for Victoria, Tasmania, and Queensland also show almost similar outcomes. It has been identified that outdoor and hydroponic cannabis cultivation is very common in all states and territories and majority of this drug is domestically produced. As per the NDSHS 2007 data, 68.5% of cannabis users acquired this substance from a fried or acquaintance while 4.8% obtained it from a relative and another 19.5% users acquired it from a dealer. The increased prevalence of cannabis in Australia can be attributed to the country’s climate and amount of space available which are conducive to cultivation. The liberalized cannabis intake polices of the Australia also seem to be a potential cause for wider availability of this drug in the country. According to the Australian Crime Commission (ACC), one gram cannabis’ average price may be ranged from A$20 to A$35 which is comparatively smal ler. As per the reports of Sane Australia, cannabis reduces the chances of recovery from a psychotic episode and cannabis users have a higher rate of hospitalization for psychosis (Cannabis and psychotic illness, 2010). In case of cannabis addicted persons, treatment is less effective and therefore, recovery is more difficult. 3. The case scenario indicates that Carol has developed multiple mental health issues, specifically mental depression. The root causes of her current mental depression and related problems can be ascribed to her tragic family background. Carol remembers that her parents were â€Å"terrible† and that they were always yelling at her and fighting each other and they would often throw punches. As a result, Carole and her siblings had to pass through scared life

C. Wright Mills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

C. Wright Mills - Essay Example Mills is known for his masterpieces like "The New Men of Power: America's Labor Leaders" (1948) which is basically a study of the Labour Metaphysics and how labour leaders have cooperated with the business officials to the disadvantage of the worker,while the workforce stays happy with mere "bread and butter" and has assumed a rather subordinate to role to such leaders. Another one of his classics is the book White Collar: The American Middle Classes (1951) which continues his stance against the officials and the bureaucracy who he accuses of suppressing the common individual by the tactic of overworking him and charging him a large amount of taxes. The immense work pressure on the worker causes him to suffer from alienation and imposes upon him a robot like existence in return for financial remuneration. His other important works include The Sociological Imagination (1959) in which he has tried to demonstrate a link between history biography and sociology. Other works include The Causes of World War Three (1958), Listen, Yankee: The Revolution in Cuba (1960), and The Marxists (1962). Academics have argued over whether Mills was a Marxist or a follower of liberalism. He felt more comfortable as a humanist Marxist than being called a follower of Max Weber. Mills was in agreement with other Marxist sociologists that the American suffers from the great divide between the weak and the powerful. The weak are suppressed and they feel alienated. He has made some interesting observations in his works like the one below; When, in a city of 100,000, only one man is unemployed, that is his personal trouble, and for its relief we properly look to the character of the man, his skills, and his immediate opportunities. But when in a nation of 50 million employees, 15 million men are unemployed, that is an issue, and we may not hope to find its solution within the range of opportunities open to any one individual. ( The Sociological Imagination 1959). The Power Elite Coming to one of his most prominent works, in 1956 he wrote the book The Power Elite (1956) in which he has analysed the US structure of power in its three forms i.e. the political, military, and economic elite whom he accuses of sharing similar views which are aimed at suppressing the working classes. The book was tremendously influential when it came out and even today it is a source of inspiration in socio-political academics. He has focused on the power structure of the US politics and military in the post World War II era. The Power Elite reflects a kind of trilogy of the US society and it was a follow up to his other books like The New Men of Power (1948) and White Collar (1951).Like all masterpieces it attracted much negative academic and political controversy at the time of its publication. Mills brazenly accused the elitists as "the warlords," "the higher immorality," "the power elite," "crackpot realism," and "organized irresponsibility,". The book was so well researched that it had 47 pages of Notes and was a full scale study of the structure and distribution of power in the United States. It was

Social work (choose any two different topic to write on) Research Paper

Social work (choose any two different topic to write on) - Research Paper Example es, there is a dire need of benefit programs to assist the struggling drug addicts, but such programs should not be used to finance the illegal use of drugs. According to the article, many individuals miss on employment opportunities if they fail the drug test. The editorial supports this liberal view. Liberals emphasize that discrimination will maintain the illegal status of the distribution and sale of illegal drugs. According to liberals, such forced drug testing will hurt the right of individuals such as civil rights and welfare transfers to the poor citizens. Liberals advocate for drug abuse legalization rather than forced drug testing or decriminalization in the welfare transfers. Liberals generally assert that drug abuse problem is as a result of social, cultural or psychological causes and mainly stems from inequality in the society. According to liberals, controlling drug problem should entail rehabilitation through education, employment opportunities generation and social skills enhancement. According to liberals, the solution to drug abuse would be to legalize drugs since individuals are capable of making rational choices of their happiness and lifestyles and abstain from drugs that are relatively harmful such as cocaine. The liberals support government-funded drug abus e treatment with minimum punishments and drug testing as an unwarranted intrusion on people’s privacy and liberty (Yee, 3). On the other hand, conservatives advocate for stringent crime control models like discrimination in social welfare transfers or lengthy imprisonment terms for people convicted of drug abuse. Conservatives try to maintain the status quo by asserting the drug abusers generally fail to succeed in the overall economic or political system thus making irrational choices that puts them in to trouble with the authorities. Conservatives advance the use of threat of punishment in order to control drug abuse thus rewarding a drug user with social benefits is immoral.

Criminal Justice Agency Interventions with Female Offenders Essay

Criminal Justice Agency Interventions with Female Offenders - Essay Example However, in the recent past, there has been an increasing proportion of female offenders, especially the female sex offenders. Unlike the traditional perception that females had motherly love to nurture the males and children, it is shocking to note that an increasing proportion of females sexually abuse other females, males, and children in the contemporary society. The types of sexual abuse are numerous and vary with different situations. The reasons that lead to the increase in such practices among the females are also not very clear. Besides, there is a high possibility that much of the sex-related crimes are not reported to the criminal justice agencies. These are, thus, not included in the estimates by the criminal justice agencies. It is likely that many victims of sexual abuse suffer silently without seeking the help of the authority. Over the years, various states have enacted criminal laws to protect those that are vulnerable to the criminal malpractices from the perpetrato rs. The laws require that justice prevail and that the criminals be punished for their wrong deeds. However, there is an increasing concern that the some of the criminals do receive more punishment than they deserve. There are certain adverse consequences that the criminals face following the provisions of the law that may not serve to correct their behaviors as required. Besides, the poor perceptions that the public have on the criminals following a given offense often do not allow the victims to transform into respectable members of the society. For instance, a woman that has committed a sexual offense to various individuals in the society may be viewed by the pubic as having a unique character compared to a male counterpart who has committed the same. Importance of recognizing â€Å"What works† and â€Å"gender responsive† camp in intervening with female offenders An effective criminal justice system involves the cooperation between the government agencies and other actors like the community to ensure that the members of a given society are protected from criminal activities. Such a system ensures that justice is practiced in handling the criminals and the victims of the crimes. The criminal justice agencies promote social development in the society by alleviating criminal activities and subjecting the lawbreakers to the appropriate penalties. Different reasons could lead to one committing a criminal offense. This could be seen in the kinds of crimes and the frequency with which an individual commits the same crime. Irrespective of these varied factors, it is desirable that the agencies transform the individuals back to responsible members of the society. The criminal laws provide for rehabilitation of the criminals and preventing the subsequent and successive crimes. The laws advocate for proportional punishment to the criminals that can transform them into respectable members of the society. Besides, the crime suspects should not be harassed in the process of criminal investigation and in prosecution as this may lead to a forced submission to the law order. The criminal laws prevent the criminal justice agencies to abuse the criminals and suspects of criminal offenses. There are literatures that focus on what works in relation to the correctional treatment provided to the offenders of different gender. Some literatures pointed out that females have special needs different from the needs of the males. These

Vertigo Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Vertigo - Essay Example While investigating and trailing her, he discovers that she is suicidal and is suffering from thoughts of committing suicide. Later both of them fall in love with each other and then the protagonist experiences the death of Madeleine as she commits suicide. Later he is cared for by Judy Barton who resembles Madeleine and Scottie once again falls in love and this time he is in love with Barton. He tries to mold Barton and make her look exactly similar to Madeline but later he discovers that Madeleine’s death was a hoax and was a plan by her husband. Later due to an accident Barton dies and the protagonist loses his fear of heights but ends up being heart broken. The central point that is being discussed in the movie is the attraction as well as fear that are associated with death. Death can cause different emotions within an individual, for example it can result in the emotion of fear or it can even result in the emotion of satisfaction. This is a point that has been quite heavily depicted in the movie. The movie depicts that when an individual himself experiences death or a near death situation, he/she is most likely to experience the emotion of fear (Krueger 53). This was quite evident as when the protagonist of the movie is about to die as he is about to fall from a very tall building. Due to this incident he became so afraid of death by falling that he became afraid of heights and developed a psychological disorder called acrophobia. At the same time movie even depicts that death is a way through which individuals can gain satisfaction and relief from emotional stress. This feeling of satisfaction and emotional relaxation is experienced by those individuals who use death as a tool of revenge (McDougall 121). This is quite clearly depicted within the movie as the protagonist tries to kill Judy who had helped in planning the death of Madeline. Although the protagonist was afraid of death, he counters this fear when he himself

Business Ethics Essay Example for Free

Business Ethics Essay H.B Fuller and the Street Children of Central America (Summary) The Resistol were produced by H.B Fuller company, a global manufacture of adhesives, sealants, and other specialty chemicals, and had operations in over 40 countries in North America, Europe, Asia and Latin America. H.B Fuller was a very profitable company. Honduras and Guatemala are two countries where fuller markets it glue products and the two countries where Resistol abuse is most pronounced. More than a third of people in Honduras and Guatemala were below poverty, and this economic condition directly affected to Family Life situation, commonly unstable, stressful conditions, husbands abandoned their wives and children. The countless children ran away from home life and roamed the city street, street children uses glue (H.B Fuller) by sniffing them (glue addicted) as the way to get-away from their real life condition. The misuse one of the adhesives, Resistol, a toluene base glue, by the street children of America, where the social economic was taking part of this situation. For years H.B Fuller had been pressure by child advocate groups in Central America and the United States, and encouraged the company to minute amounts of mustard seed-oil a common food additive, reported virtually eliminated abuse of its glue. In March 1989 legislature of Honduras passed decree 36-89 which banned importing or manufacturing solvent based adhesives that did not contain mustard oil. This situation surely disadvantages for H.B Fuller company business environment , H.B. Fuller subsidiary began lobbied the government to have the law revoked, brought some data and showed by adding the mustard seed oil caused; reduce the glue effectiveness, the smell would irritating to legitimate user, the substance was potentially carciogenic. H.B Fuller also took several actions related to help to prevent glue addiction for street children, in order to reduce the availability of glue to children they discontinued selling the glue in small jar, paying the social workers to work with street children and began providing information to distributors warning of the dangers of Resistol addiction. The actions keep continued on July 16th, 1992, the company stop selling the glue to retailer and only sold the glue to industrial customer in large tubs and barrels and cooperate with distributors to set up new control restricting distributions in retailer, on 1994, the company decided to change the toluene based into cyclohexane and increased the price up to 30% it further out of reach of children, of these moves, the company said, that this would discourage use of this glues among street children. In 1995, company issued a statement claiming that in reality it, neither manufactured nor sold Resistol, instead the company, asser ted it was a subsidiary of a subsidiary of the company in central America that had actually made and sold Resistol, and claims that the company was responsible the deaths of children are nothing More than attempt to hold fuller liable for acts and omissions of its second-tier Guatemalan subsidiary.

Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace

Applications of Engineering Materials in Aerospace In this project I will discuss in details the applications of engineering materials in Engineering and its many application in the Aerospace and Formula 1. Materials are key in engineering because the correct materials are needed to meet the needed of the environment that they are meant for use in. In aerospace the materials that are generally used are thing such as: titanium, aluminium, carbon fibre. For example titanium and titanium alloys are used in aerospace engine combustion chamber which can be in the region of 2000C in some instances. Application of materials in Formula 1 Formula 1 is a motor racing category in which the cars can reach extremely high straight line speed and cornering speeds. For them to be able to reach to be able to reach such high speeds and operate in such conditions, the cars much be built from extremely light and strong materials such as carbon fibre and titanium. Carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer is used extensively in high-end automobile racing .The high cost of carbon fiber is mitigated by the materials unsurpassed strength-to-weight ratio, and low weight is essential for high-performance automobile racing. Race-car manufacturers have also developed methods to give carbon fiber pieces strength in a certain direction, making it strong in a load-bearing direction, but weak in directions where little or no load would be placed on the member. Materials such as titanium are also used a lot throughout a formula one engine because of the fact that it is extremely strong and light which allows it the engine to operate at extreme engine speeds such as 20000RPM for a sustained period of time without resulting in engine failure. A material called Inconel is used in the construction of the cars exhaust pipe because of its ability to hold its shape and continue to work as in intended at high temperatures in the region of 900-1000 C . Quite often in formula the rule makers often dictate what materials are permissible in the construction in various parts of the car and what materials are forbidden. This often due to trying to stop the teams from using very expensive materials in the development of the cars, which would send spending sky high. Materials such as beryllium alloys where banned in the use of the construction of the engine as a cost cutting measure. When with the FIA, the regulators of the sport, top teams with big budget s quite easily end up spending in the region of  £250 million a year on the development of the car. The chassis of the car also knows as the monocoque because of how it’s constructed as one piece. The chassis of the car is also sometime referred to as the â€Å"survival cell† because it has been designed to cocoon the driver in the event of crash and protect them from injury. The chassis also has to be very light as well so that it is possible to reach highest possible acceleration which gives the teams a possible advantage over their rivals. Another reason for a strong chassis in grand prix racing is that the chassis is also used as mounting point for the engine and the gearbox. The reason this is done again to save as much weight as possible whilst maximizing the structural integrity of the car. The material that can do all then things is carbon fiber which was first used in formula 1 when a British engineer called John Barnard built the McLaren MP4-1 chassis from carbon fiber. The material should just how strong it when McLaren driver John Watson had a heavy crash at the Italian grand prix at the Monza circuit , and managed to get out without any major injuries. The car did go to win 6 grand Prix because it was significantly ahead of its rivals in terms of the materials used in its construction which gave it huge advantage over the rest of the field considering that this versatile and super strong was introduced in 1983. Limitations and recyclability of the materials used in Formula 1 and that The limitations of many of the materials is that that most of it is very expensive because of the nature of the materials which puts allot of strain on the smaller teams with smaller budgets especially since 60% of the car is constructed from carbon fibre. Carbon fibre is a recyclable material but the problem with it is that the more it is recycled the more of its structural integrity it losses, like plastic, and therefore the quality of it goes down significantly which means that it can only be used for things such as road paving fillers. The metal parts of the car such as the cars such as the car’s engine and internal parts of the gearbox, such as the gear ratio, gear forks and the main shaft, can all be very easily recycled without the loss of the strength or quality of the material. Materials such as titanium and steel alloyed which are used for internal parts of the gearbox and also the engines major castings ( cylinder heads , crankshaft, engine block , camshafts) can be melted down and made back into gear ratio or many other things such as aerospace quality components which are found in aircraft fuselage or deep within the engines. Material applications in the Aerospace Industry Material research, development and application are absolutely vital in the aerospace industry because through the development of materials that planes are flying higher, faster and safer than ever before. Through the use of ultra light and ultra strong materials such as GLARE (Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy). GLARE is a Glass Laminate Aluminum Reinforced Epoxy FML, composed of several very thin layers of metal (usually aluminum) interspersed with layers of glass-fiber pre-peg, bonded together with a matrix such as epoxy. The uni-directional pre-preg layers may be aligned in different directions to suit the predicted stress conditions. Although GLARE is a composite material, [1] its material properties and fabrication are very similar to bulk aluminum metal sheets. It has far less in common with composite structures when it comes to design, manufacture, inspection or maintenance. GLARE parts are constructed and repaired using mostly conventional metal material techniques. With the application of such materials in aerospace, it has allowed engineers to create bigger planes which are also very economical at the same time. the use of fatigue resistant materials such as GLARE and carbon fibre also reduce maintenance of aircraft because they don’t need to be checked for cracks as often as planes which are made from aluminium and aluminium alloys. Which are plane from aluminium are more prone to what is known as â€Å"metal fatigue†. Metal fatigue happens as a result of continuous loading from the years of pressurisation cycles that a plane goes when it increases and decreases in altitude. Many aerospace companies such Rolls Royce have an in-house material science research department which spend millions of pounds in research with the hope that it will lead to better quality materials which will be able to function correctly in extreme environments such within the core of a high bypass turbo fan engine, where the temperatures can be in excess of 2000C. The materials are used for this are usually titanium alloys because of its ability to stay in its original shape. If you look closely at the picture of the turbine blade bellow , it can be observed that many small holes have been very precisely drilled in and this is to aid the cooling of the blade and stop in from melting and ultimately causing an entire engine failure. Another reason why such ultra light materials are used is because, the engineers want to minimize the mass of the components as much as possible because this reduces the inertia of the part and this will result in better response time from the engine ,wh en the pilots engine increase power to the engine. Lighter components also reduce the fuel consumption of and the engine which is especially important considering the fuel prices as they continue to rise. This is something that airlines will pay extra close attention to because they are always looking to minimize their cost to increase their profits, this is especially important at the moment give the current state of the global economy. Materials in aerospace are also select for their ability to be able to absorb tremendous amounts of energy from unlikely event of an engine failure or an uncontrolled explosion of some sort. Aerospace engine manufacture such as Rolls Royce and General Electric also take the extra step of detonating a fan blade to see whether the engines fan case absorb and contain the impact and to stop parts of the engine escaping and causing further impact to the aircraft. Manufacturers often spend as much as $30 million on this test, at there on expense to prove to potential passengers and airline customers that the engine is truly safe and air worthy.

Honda’s Operational Activities

Honda’s Operational Activities THE STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF OPERATIONAL MANAGEMENT IDENTIFY AND EXPLAIN THE ROLE PLAYED BY EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT WITHIN HONDA. DISCUSS HOW HONDAS OPERATIONAL ACTIVITIES HAVE CHANGED IN RECENT TIMES. Operations management is the business function that performs some tasks like-: It makes plans to run any organization It organizes, coordinates, need to produce a company goods. It controls the resources that are essential to make better services. ROLE PLAYED BY EFFECTIVE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT:- Its include changes input to outputs. It means transform of worker manager and raw material into finished products. In 1980s Company won world race championship Formula1 from its cutting edge low pollution and low fuel consumption engine. In 1989 companys founder Soichiro Honda choose into Detroits symbolic Automotive Industry Hall Of Fame. Moreover Japanese invented a new formula name Right-first-time means that it is better way to focus on how to build quality rather than test in quality. This step is followed by Honda and as well as other companies also. ACTIVITES CHANGED IN RECENT TIMES:- Nobuhiko Kawamotos implemented an amendment with in Honda. Before his amendment company was using collective decision making process which means that all the companies executives sit into Board room and thinks about problems. But Nobuhiko Kawamoto found that team work was not sufficient for achieving market share. He offered all executives for their private offices if anyone wanted. Honda implemented the large mass lot production and small lot production. In former thousand of products made in a row or series in the western automobile industry each can make only a one automobile model. But in later small production assembly line can handle many of the vehicles. Objective is to focus on greater product variety. Honda combines both of these planning for achieving the goals. One more approach to production planning is to implement a push and pull system. In push system stratergy was made several month in advance. Similarly pull system was used for every day production. It helps to solve coming difficulties. For example if there are any problem with paint shop component maker are alerted and they try to solve the problems. More outcomes are there on combination of these two systems. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES OF HONDA:- BUSINESS STRATEGY: Hondas research and development system plays a vital role in its business strategy. While making their products Honda takes care about some factors-: Economical-: product should be more economical. So that everyone can purchased their products. Environmental-: Honda takes care about this factor also. So, company focus on engine of their products. It should be economically friendly. Stability-: Honda takes care about manufacturing of stable products. Quality -: Honda takes care to put best quality into their designs. ENTERPRISE STRATEGY: EVALUATE HOW SUCCESSFUL ARE HONDA OPERATIONS OBJECTIVES IN MEATING THE ORGANISATIONAL OBJECTIVES. IDENTIFY SOME OF KEY ISSUES FOR HONDAS OPERATION IN THE NEXT FIVE YEARS.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Honda is pushing the autonomy of their sale operation and their future plans in all the areas. They works under the instruction and this helps all companies members to reduce the chances of risk. Honda main objective is follow rules and regulation and maintain good Pellucidity. This is the way or stratergy to make customer satisfy. Honda spread his business in world market. Honda have its 134 production units in 28 countries and its 31 R D spread in 15 countries. Honda company have big worker organization with 167000 employees satisfying 24 millions customers in this global world. For better operation in Honda these are divided into 6 bureaucratic domain. KEY ISSUES: Honda motor co. establish in 1948.honda the first Japanese company to start its manufacture its product in Japan. Now Honda being world famous company and has to face some challenges for keep its position in world market. There are some issues which Honda could face in next 5 years. UNFAMILIAR ISSUES: suddenly elaboration in arrogation and climate changes can occur. Sometime manager are not prepared for facing these type of difficulties. So, all the worker and executives are ready to face these issues. Control assortment-: Honda is the biggest company in world market. So it will take great care about manage diversity among staff (races and ages). This is a big key issue that can arise in coming future. SUPERVISING CURRENCY CATASTROPHE: This means honda should take care about currency crisis. So executives focus on the exchange rates in the market. if this issue occur then management should try to solve it. IMPROVE FUEL ECONOMY: This is the important factor so, Honda reserve the proper stock of fuel. So enhance fuel austerity is the major factor for Honda.

Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt :: English Literature

Book Review Angela’s Ashes by Frank McCourt I read the book Angela's Ashes and I was truly amazed that it was true. I love reading about the old days and this is a book about Frank McCourt (the author) misfortunes during his childhood in Limerick, Ireland. It is sad at times and you can’t think "this is only a book" but still the best read in a long time. Angela's Ashes is written from the perspective of Angela's first-born son, Francis McCourt, the author of the novel. Angela and her husband, Malachy, are both born and raised in Ireland and emmigrate to America where they meet and marry. Angela gives birth to four sons, Francis, Malachy Jr. and twins, Eugene and Oliver. Angela also has a daughter, Margaret. The McCourts return to Ireland with their children after the grief they are struck by when young Margaret dies from malnutrition and tuberculosis. When in Limerick, the McCourts are welcomed by neither family nor the neighbours. Angela's insensitive mother tosses them out on the streets declaring she has no room for them in her house. They were forced to find a poor shack where fleas feasted on their skin while sleeping at night. Being from the despised Northern Ireland, Malachy finds it hard to find a job and when he does he drinks away his wages leaving the family destitute. After finally settling into the neighbourhood in Ireland, Angela loses Oliver and Eugene to tuberculosis and the fever. Unable to cope, Angela forces Malachy Jr. and Francis to spend much of their time outdoors while she rests. Angela has two more boys, Michael and Alfie. Malachy is unable to support his family and Angela is often left to beg from charities in order to keep her family alive. Francis is neglected by his parents and many of the Irish people. As he grows older he deepens his understanding of sex and involves himself in sexual acts, which he later regrets. His religion makes him feel extremely guilty for these "dirty" acts. He begins to take on many more responsibilities such as living with his uncle away from his family and finding work in order to support himself. This novel grabs a hold of you and pulls you into the story, forcing you to feel what it's like to live in the slums. Although McCourt lived a very rough life he managed to pull out a few humorous scenes in his story.

Cold Sassy Tree :: essays research papers

Cold Sassy Tree   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Cold Sassy Tree† reminds me of a soap opera, only this movie ends. â€Å"Cold Sassy Tree† and soap operas relate to our everyday lives in many ways. Soap operas are very dramatic and full of events, just like this movie. A plethora of gossip also goes around in this small community.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In â€Å"Cold Sassy Tree† the setting is your general soap opera or an everyday â€Å"Little House on the Prairie†, only with more gossip and drama. I believe that the setting affects the viewer in a way which brought the viewer in closer to the characters, almost feeling as if you were in the movie. When viewing this movie, I personally felt a sense of closeness. I felt that I knew all the gossip of the town and that the small families let me into their everyday routines only to view from an outside position. The setting also affects the character greatly. Living in a small town makes it very easy to know every ones business. When you know everybody in your town you also seem to hide things or not be around everybody all the time, which is not possible.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Briefly, â€Å"Cold Sassy Tree† is about a small community, mostly made of women who love to gossip. One young woman marries secretly and runs off to have fun with her new husband, Mr. Blackeslee. Through-out the movie little scenes happen that do not play a big role in the overall plot. Near the end, Mr. Blackeslee gets very sick and his young wife, Love, tries her hardest to get him well. Mr. Blackseslee dies and it is hard for Love to overcome his death. Before he dies Love informs her husband that she is pregnant, which shocks him, for he had always wanted a son.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Do not judge a woman by her mistakes. This is only one of the major themes portrayed in this movie. Just as everyone makes mistakes, Love also made a few mistakes, which made all the women think of her as bad. Later, after Love’s husband had died, all the women began to be friendly to her, for they figured out she was more than what they thought. Another theme portrayed is, â€Å"what’s best is not always what you expect.† I believe in this theme, for when Mr. Blackseslee died, the viewer knew it was for the best. However, Love did not think that was how everything was going to be, she thought he would recover and be ok, then later realized this probably was best.

U01A1 Zara Rapid Fire Fullfilment

U01a1 Zara Rapid-Fire Fulfillment Steven A. Shapiro Capella University European clothing retailer Zara has been highlighted in several publications as a model for its supply chain management. This retail chain exists as a subsidiary of â€Å"Spain’s largest apparel manufacturer and retailer† (Chopra & Meindl, 2012, p. 14). The most telling account of Zara’s success is detailed in an article for Harvard Business Review entitled, ‘Rapid-Fire Fulfillment’. Here, authors Ferdows, Lewis and Machuca (2004) describe three key principles that Zara relies on to maintain its success†¦ * Close the communication loop Stick to a rhythm across the entire chain * Leverage your capital assets to increase supply chain flexibility (Ferdows, et al. , 2004) The first of these principles, ‘Close the communication loop’, outlines the processes by which information is transferred quickly between its valuable customer base and the designers. This open and nimble communication allows Zara to have a better understanding of the pulse of its customers; which in turn, allows the company to stock its stores with clothing the customer wants when they want it.The next principle, ‘Stick to a rhythm across the entire chain’ is outlined by Ferdows, et al. (2007) when they wrote, â€Å"at Zara, rapid timing and synchronicity are paramount† (p. 107). The authors go on to highlight the rigidness by which Zara holds its retail stores to time-bound deadlines for things like product ordering. Missing a deadline is highly frowned upon and can result in a retail store losing that opportunity to obtain additional products.The third principle, ‘Leverage your capital assets to increase supply chain flexibility’ is fairly self-explanatory. The concept is that Zara funds the supply chain not only to run at an efficient manner with their in-house processes, but it outsources the easier parts of the processes as well. The auth ors of the article write, â€Å"[Zara] produces complicated products in-house and outsources simple ones† (Ferdows, et al. , 2004, p. 107). These guiding principles allow Zara’s supply chain to drive the company’s growth and success versus its less agile competitors.One example of this is given in the text, Supply Chain Management, by Chopra and Meindl (2012), these authors demonstrate this, saying, â€Å"Whereas design-to-sales cycle times in the apparel industry have traditionally averaged more than six months, Zara has achieved cycle times of four to six weeks† (p. 14). That difference is significant and is what allows Zara to take action based on the communication they receive above and rapidly react to customer demand in a way their competitors cannot.The most unique aspect of Zara’s supply chain model is its level of control over all aspects of its business; far more than its competitors. The authors of the HBR piece build on this point, stat ing, â€Å"Instead of relying on outside partners, the company manages all design, warehousing, distribution, and logistics functions itself. Even many of its day-to-day operational procedures differ from the norm† (Ferdows, et al. , 2004, p. 106). Another component of Zara’s success, beyond just its maniacal control, is its belief in ensuring its processes and departments are funded for success.This is especially true for the information technology department. A fact which Chopra and Meindl (2012) conveyed when they wrote, â€Å"Zara has also invested heavily in information technology to ensure that the latest sales data are available to drive replenishment and production decisions† (p. 14) In conclusion, though Zara has been highly praised for its innovative supply chain management techniques, this praise is well deserved. It is clear from reading these two disparate accounts of Zara’s practices that they have truly developed a successful and unique sup ply chain to enhance their business.The three principles that are at the core of the Zara philosophy serve to enhance their customer’s experience and continue to deliver value for their customer where competitors cannot. References Chopra, S. , & Meindl, P. (2012). Supply chain management (5th ed. ) [Electronic]. Indianapolis, IN: Prentice Hall. Ferdows, K. , Lewis, M. A. , & Machuca, J. D. (2004). Rapid-Fire Fulfillment. Harvard Business Review, 82(11), 104-110.

The Impact of the End of the Cold War on Us Foreign Policy

Discuss the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy Introduction: When the world famous liberal thinker Francis Fukuyama in his masterpiece declared that we were witnessing the end of the history, he was greeting the new political structure and also the new international environment, which is peaceful[1]. However, developments that occurred after the collapse of the Soviet Union showed us that the dissolution of the Soviets was unexpected. The international society was not ready for peace and Fukuyama’s optimistic assumptions were far from becoming real. Moreover, the international society currently started to realise that the tension and the potential of mass destructive war during the Cold War era had provided a much more stable and securitize world order for any other periods of the history. Recent developments that occurred after 9/11 attacks showed us that the world is not much securer due to the characteristics of this new type of threat which is commonly known and referred as terrorism. As being the flagship of the Western powers during the Cold War, the US is facing with much more pressure than before. Post- Cold war developments proved that although the US has the leadership features and military superiority against conventional threats or in other words ‘known’ enemies, it is still lacking of showing the same attributes in the Post-cold War era. This paper is going to analyse the impact of the end of the Cold War on US foreign policy. In order to do it so, it will provide historic background information on Cold War era and also the developments occurred after. Later on this paper will focus on the shifts that occurred in the American foreign policy after the Cold War. Basics of the Cold War Policies: For almost five decades the Cold War was the main stage for the evolution of international relations. Many institutions, political or military organisations and even international norms and regulations of the Cold War are setting the base even for the modern day politics. Hence the legacy of the Cold War era is still shaping the political, economic and social relationships within, and also in between the states. Although there is no specific agreement between the historians on when it began, the Cold War is the name given to approximately 50 years long conflict between the Communist block led by Soviet Union and the Western nations led by United States of America. Cold War was a conflict, which did not include any direct military engagements between these two parties. On the other hand, it was fought by various types of means including diplomatic, economic and mostly by propaganda. In general basics of the Cold War era can be grouped under 4 categories. These are: 1) Bipolar System: The primary outcome of the Second World War probably was the emergence of two superpowers which created a new and never been before experienced system anytime in the history of international relations called bipolar system. A bipolar system includes two evenly matched powers in this case The US and the Soviet Union. Once allies during and opponents after the Second World War, these two victorious states have became the main actors of the world politics for over 50 years. 2) The US Foreign Policy of Containment: The Soviet Union and its supporters were declared as the enemy of the free world by the Western states mostly by the US during the Cold War. Although it has been argued that the first indications of hostility between these two states have emerged during The Yalta and Potsdam conferences[2], the first arguments on the soviet threat have taken place between the American decision makers in late 1940s[3]. The main idea during these arguments was focusing on the essential importance of containing the Soviets, both politically and geographically in order to save and protect the US interests in overseas. In his reply to the US Treasury Department, George Kennan a former American diplomat, mentioned the expansionist policies of the Soviets and suggested that the US should follow an active foreign policy approach in order to ‘contain’ the Soviets in its current (by late 40s) geographic borders[4]. In following years, when the Truman Doctrine came into action the idea of containment has also become one of the main strategies of the US against its opponent, the Soviets. 3) Crisis without Major Conflicts: Dissimilarity between the two blocs have produced a series of international crises during the Cold War such as the Soviets intervention in Germany/Berlin (1948), Korean War (1950-1953), Cuban Crisis (1962), Although both parties did not fight or exchange fire against each other. However, they did support the fighting groups and pick sides during these crises according to their national interests. 4) Second Strike Capability & Mutual Assured Destruction: Both superpowers of the Cold War era were also nuclear powers. They had highly effective and destructive nuclear weapons in their arsenal. Their nuclear capabilities were the main reason for the tension in the international society, during the Cold War. On the other hand, however this capability of theirs was also the reason why they were no major conflicts or military clashes between these super powers. Each party had the ability to respond to a nuclear attack with powerful nuclear retaliation against the attacking party[5]. This ability is called second-strike capability. Obviously as a result of this nuclear capacity both parties could have completely created a nuclear destruction not only for each other but also for the rest of the world as well[6]. That is why non- of the superpowers dared to attack the other one with its nuclear powers in order to eliminate the opposition, hostility, competition etc. The competition and increasing awareness on democratic rights did force the Soviets to stand back and make some major policy changes in 1980s. The Soviet Premier of the time Gorbachev tried to set some political and social reforms in the soviet society in order to ease the pressure and help Soviets to continue to survive in the international arena. Moreover, the Soviets did not only make shifts in their internal policies but also in their foreign policy understanding as well. For instance withdrawal from Afghanistan, signing of various nuclear deterrence agreements with multi parties including the US are some of the key changes that occurred in the 1980s. However, the reforms of Gorbachev did not prevent the Soviets to stop its collapse and eventually after a series of events in 1991 the Soviet Union formally announced its dissolution[7]. The First Ten Years: Although the indications were present well before the collapse of the Soviet Union, the world was not completely ready for the end of the Cold War. The US was left alone without any major balancing opponents. Furthermore, after the dissolution of the Soviets the numbers of newly established independent states have increased significantly. All these new states were lacking of self-governing capabilities and also the Western vision, which was the victorious ideology of the Cold war. Moreover, some researchers courageously support the idea that international environment during the Cold War was much more safer and less hazardous system for the global security issues. Historian Paul Dukes criticizes the former American decision makers of the Cold War for only â€Å"trying to save the day† but not working for the future[8]. He suggests that due to the lack of long-term policies of the US administrators, the world had to face with too many new issues and problems at the same time with of the Cold War[9]. If we generalize the facts before we start analysing the American foreign policy approach to the end of the Cold War, we can see that there are now much more various types of threats then it used to be. The lack of long-term policies has got the world into an uncertainty. Not only the US but also most of the states got caught out without any preparation to the circumstances of the end of the Cold War. That is way the first decade after the Cold War had a crucial importance for the US to establish, promote and also to maintain its supremacy and leadership around the world. We have seen the effects of the reforms occurred during the 1980s in the Soviet Union on the previous chapters. When these reforms combined with the ne Soviet policy of compromising have eased the tension and created a new dialogue between two superpowers. The first real challenge of the post-Cold War era was the Gulf War. Despite its historic connections in the UN Security Council meeting the Soviets (later Russian Federation) agreed to take economic sanctions against Iraq[10]. Although it seemed like the first positive international attitude towards a multi polar political system, the US policy makers misinterpreted the facts and started to crate a hegemonic power. The first real post-Cold War indication for America’s attempts to build a hegemonic power is the so-called New World Order (NWO) doctrine of the Senior Bush’s administration. The NOW came as a response from the US after the invasion of Kuwait by Iraqi military forces[11]. On September 11, 1990 former US president G. H. Bush addressed the nation prior to a joint session of Congress and underlined the ideals that the US is willing to fight for[12]. Some of the points that Bush underlined are: ? A new structure of international system based on international law and norms under the leadership of the West (particularly the US) ? International cooperation on the issues of nuclear disarmament and the promotion of collective peace ? An integrated international financial structure International cooperation on regional issues. In other words lesser sovereignty and much more international/humanitarian interventions[13]. Bush’s NWO have been criticised by various social scientists. In his 1992 article Joseph Nye categorises the NWO as a traditionally realist documentation, due to key points that was emphasised in it such as the leadership of the US [14]. Howev er, another political scientist Freedman argues that the NWO gives special importance to the UN and other multinational institutions and that is why it should be seen as a statement of liberalism and also the promotion of liberal values and norms[15]. No matter whose opinion is correct, Bush’s NWO is a fine statement of the US foreign policy makers on the Western leadership in the world politics. There is a significant increase on the numbers of US supported ‘humanitarian interventions’ since the end of the Cold War. One of the main reasons for this suitable environment for humanitarian intervention is the emergence of the newly established former communist states. Since the declaration of the NWO the US got more involved in world politics not only under the Bush administration but also under Bush’s successors. Many of these humanitarian interventions, took place under the president Clinton’s administration especially in the Balkans. In order to understand the logic of these interventions it is essential to point out the main focuses of the Clinton administration. A few weeks after he took the office President Clinton mentioned the new challenges of the post-Cold War world on a speech at the American University. These challenges and goals are: ? â€Å"To restore the American economy to good health; ? to increase the importance attached to trade and open markets for American business; to help the developing countries grow faster; ? to promote democracy in Russia and elsewhere; ? to demonstrate US leadership in the global economy[16]† The former communist states experienced series of problems during their transition periods. They not only suffered from disintegration but also they were also â€Å"forced to redefine their national interest and roles in the light of the radical c hange in the international balance of power†[17]. As a consequence of establishing a sovereign nation state, especially in the Balkans, nationalistic movements grew and tuned into violent acts. The lack of an opposing superpower helped the US to carry out the flag and start creating its global leadership. The US and its Northern Atlantic allies lunched series of military and civilian actions in order to ease the violence especially in the Balkans. During the Clinton administration US led coalition forces carried out more than 20 military missions in Yugoslavia to put an end to the ongoing violence. Main critics for the US supported missions came from a very familiar place. Although NATO eased the tension in the Balkans with its operations, the Russia was critical of the NATO operations in the Balkans. Russia prepared a resolution proposal to the UN Security Council to condemn NATO actions in Yugoslavia, though, the proposal was defeated 12-3 during the Security Council meeting, with only Russia, Namibia and China voting in favor of the resolution while NATO member countries along with the temporary members of the Security Council voted against it[18]. Hence, in general due to the sudden changes in the world politics it can be assumed that the uncertain environment and the need of a leading power led the international society to show full support on the US policies and foreign actions. Post-post Cold War? : The tragic events of the September 11, 2001did not create a new era such as post-post Cold War. However, they did assist to end a decade of positivity[19]. The attacks have generated a new era and a dimension not only for the US policies but also for the rest of the world as well specifically on the issues of global security. Although the G. W. Bush administration got the full support of international society after the attacks and even during the Afghanistan intervention, with the start of the campaign against Iraq and Saddam Hussein regime the US started to lose its supporters. The US lost its soft power over the other states and even after President Obama took the office in 2008 elections it looks like the decline will continue. Conclusion: Since the declaration of the Truman Doctrine until the collapse of the Soviet Union, the tension between two major blocks led to many crucial events, which have changed the context of the international relations and also re-framed the understanding of the world politics. The effects of these major events, which occurred during the Cold War, are traceable in contemporary world politics and also in the working structure of today's international society. On the other hand, it should be noted that no matter how important are these Cold War based policies, the collapse of the Soviet Union has brought up a new dimension to the international relations. In general the international society faced with new radical changes with the end of the Cold War. The World has seen the implementation of various types of new policy changes in both Western and Eastern blocks. For example instead of fighting with communism the US changed its role as the promoter and the fighter of the democracy and also the global security[20]. Furthermore, the former communist states focused and forced to rethink on issues of transition and liberalisation as well[21]. The US leadership started to lose its connective power within the first decade of the post 9/11 era. Unfortunately the Bush administration misread the consequences of both post-Cold War and also September 11 attacks. The administration acted much more unilaterally then its predecessor and also its successor. The support on the US supremacy/ leadership will continue to decline unless the US foreign policy makers start to interpreting correctly the current world system. The World is no longer a secure place. International cooperation and partnership is an essential element in order to fill in the vacuum that created after the Cold War. Reference List Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Crockatt, R ‘The end of the cold war’, in J Baylis & S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001 Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, Evans, G & Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998 Freedman, L ‘ Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992 [22] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail & S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006 Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003 Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983 Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997 Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton & Company, Second Edition, 2003 Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992 Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004 ‘T he Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, ———————– 1] Fukuyama, F ‘The end of history’, in G Tuthail & S Dalby(eds), The Geopolitics Reader, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, pp. 107 – 114 [2] ‘The Yalta and Potsdam conferences’, BBC UK, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [3] Mingst, K Essentials of international Relations, Norton & Company, Second Edition, 2003, p. 40 [4] Kennan, G. F Memoirs 1925-1950, Pantheon, 1983, p. 356 [5] Evans, G & Newnham, J The Penguin Dictionary of International Relations, Penguin, 1998, p. 487 [6] Sokoloski, H. D Getting MAD: Nuclear Mutual Assured Destruction, Its Origins and Practice, Strategic Studies Institute, November 2004, p. 5 [7] ‘Union of Soviet Socialist Republics’, Encyclopedia Britannica, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [8] Dukes, P ‘A long view of the cold war’, History Today, vol. 51, issue. 1, 2006, retrieved on 20 September 2011, [9] ibid. [10] ibid. [11] Mingst. op. cit. , p. 54 [12] Petherick C. J, ‘Bush announces new world financial order’, American Free Press, December 2008, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [13] Kessler, B. R ‘ Bush’s new world order: The meaning behind the words’, Air Command and Staff Collage, ACSC Research Department NSW, 1997, pp. 2-4 [14] Nye, J. S ‘What new world order? ’ Foreign Affairs, Spring 1992, p. 84 [15] Freedman, L Order and Disorder in the new world’, Foreign Affairs, Winter 1992, p. 22 [16] Cameron, F US Foreign Policy after the Cold War, Routledge, Second Edition, 2006, p. 19 [17] Crockatt, R ‘The end of the cold war’, in J Baylis & S Smith (eds), The Globalization of World Politics, Oxford Press, Second Edition, 2001, p. 93 [18] Williams, I ‘Balkan crisis report: The UN’s surprising support’, Institute for War and Peace, 19 April 1999, retrieved on 21 September 2011, [19] Hass, R. N. ‘Defining U. S. foreign policy in a post cold war world’, The DISAM Journal, Fall 2002/Winter 2003, p. 31 [20] Crockatt, op. cit. p. 93 [21] ibid.

Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj plain, Iran

Geochemistry, Pollution Analysis and Management of Groundwater in Karaj field, Iran Introduction: All living things depend perfectly on a supply of fresh H2O and in term of human necessities ; H2O is considered most of import following merely to air. Water is used for many intents Viz. , domestic, agribusiness, industry and other multi assorted demands. However, many people around the universe are inveterate short of H2O even for personal demands. There are several grounds for dearth of H2O and most of import among them is increasing population. Increasing population and altering universe, demand increased demands of consumptive and non-consumptive H2O. Therefore, it is true that fresh H2O is indispensable for human endurance and is an indispensable demand for sustainable development. Worldwide agribusiness histories for 69 % the lion’s portion of H2O usage and agricultural demand is turning as population continues to increase. Major portion of this demand is met with land H2O resources and therefore land H2O tabular array is gone down alarmingly and status is unstable. In add-on, H2O quality is merely every bit of import as measure. The H2O in many topographic points is contaminated and H2O born diseases continue to be scourages of human sort. Management of H2O resources particularly groundwater is really complex in position of the viing demands for use. The survey demands realistic assessment of current and awaited demands for H2O by assorted H2O utilizations. It is hence of import that latest modern techniques of survey and rating of H2O resources by following the modern methodological analysiss like Arc GIS SPSS, Rockwork, Rockware and etc, packages. Aim and range of the present survey: Measuring the measure and quality of H2O resources is the of import facet in H2O resources planning and direction. Unfortunately much of the world’s population specially in state like Iran lacks a suited and safe H2O supply and many a clip supplies are disrupted. With turning population these types of Problems are traveling more common in close hereafter. Hence interdisciplinary surveies are required with mention to the research job in undertaking the bing jobs expeditiously and get the better of. The present survey purposes to measure land H2O resources and its quality since pantie surface H2O resources available in Karaj field, Iran and analysing its tendency, both in infinite and clip. An effort is made to understand the nature of the job in footings of land H2O related issues and to come out with an appropriate solution on a scientific footing. The attack towards the job will be multidisciplinary as it includes, geological, hydrological, hydrogeochemical and environmental conditions of the country. Karaj Plain is one of the huge upland field of Iran, with an mean one-year rainfall of 260mm and entire one-year infiltration of groundwater is estimated to be 56 million three-dimensional metres. The demand of fresh H2O for assorted multi-user like anthropogenetic demands, agribusiness pattern and industrial demand is about 61.5 billion three-dimensional metres. At present, there is a deficit of 5.5 billion three-dimensional metres in a twelvemonth and this may be farther agrivated due to increase of population and resulted more demand in close hereafter. Decrease in volume of groundwater reservoirs will besides accordingly do the decrease of the quality of groundwater. Apart from this the land H2O of the country is badly polluting from inflow of pollutant waste H2O of industrial workss and human waste wastewaters in Karaj metropolis. Further Increasing development of industry, agricultural pattern and inordinate population growing in the part consequences more of taint of groundwat er in the part. Therefore measuring the measure and quality of groundwater resources and its judicial use is the of import facets in H2O resources planning and direction of the survey country. Reappraisal of literature: The campaigner has looked into the above discussed jobs in the chosen country and noticed that non much work has done. There are merely meager studies in the literature. The quality of groundwater in Karaj Plain since the last 10 old ages has been investigated and tested by Tehran Regional Company and the concentration of cations, anions, coarseness etc. , are studied. Recently, State Geological Organization has analysed, dirt and surface and land H2O resources in and around Tehran metropolis. There is a study on ‘Study of concentration of heavy metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, by Sahar Armanpour et Al 2007. There are besides studies on â€Å"Geochemical procedures are responsible for the spatial-temporal fluctuations in groundwater chemical science in the western portion of Iran† ( Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad et Al. 2008 and Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad 2009 ) . Hence an in deepness survey of qualitative and quantitative analysis and direction of l and H2O resources in Karaj field is much needed. Geographic place of the studied part: one of the biggest metropolis of Alborz Province is Karaj metropolis. The survey country, Karaj field is situated in Northwest of Tehran, Iran, lies between latitudes 34 °50? to 35 °30? N and longitudes 47 °12? , to 48 °10? E covering an country of 811 sq kilometer. Its northern side is situated in the northern Highlandss of Karaj, the eastern side is Kan River, the western side is Hashrgerd Plain and the southern side is Mallard and Saleh Abad. The mean tallness of the part is 1500 m above MSL. The most of import metropolis located in this Alborz Province is Karaj, which is metropolis including some big and little metropoliss with populations of more than 1728000 individuals and an country of 162 sq kilometer. There are more than 3000 big and little graduated table chemical, automotive and nutrient industries in the part. Area of farming areas is estimated to be about 17000 hectares. Iran Persia Location of the survey country Aim: The undermentioned aims are formulated for chosen survey country:Designation of different hydrogeomorphical conditions and lineament analysis of the survey country.Appraisal of groundwater quality and hydrogeomorphical mold.Evaluation the H2O resourses by environmental impact appraisal ( EIA )Conservation and direction of groundwater in the survey country.Materials and methods used in theChosencountry of research: The undermentioned methods are to be adopted in the present probes and analysis:Geological map of the survey country will be complied utilizing bing regional geological map, satelite imaginations and GIS packages.Analysis and spatial distribution theamatic maps of rainfall will be constructed utilizing meteoric informations and GIS packagesMorphometric analysis and hydrogeomophic zones of the Karaj field will be done utilizing SOI toposheets, Satelite Imageries and GIS. ( Arc GIS10, Global Mapper 14, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1 )35 groundwater samples will be collected in a grid form from the survey country for premansoon and postmansoon seasons by following international criterion techniques. Physico-chemical features of land H2O samples will be carried out utilizing modern and sophisticated analytical instruments like Flame Photometer, Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry, UV-Vissible Spectrophotometer and Titrimetry method.Analysis of the quality of groundwater resources will be made in understanding the rock- H2O interaction, distribution of major and minor elements and impact of pollutants in H2O resources utilizing available criterion package and diagrams.Environmental Impact Assessment of the survey country will be carried out ( Arc GIS10, PCI.Geomatica.2012.SP1, SPSS ) . The advantage of this technique is that it takes into history of all the facets of the environment i.e. ecology, physical/chemical facets and human/social involvement etc, .By sing all the above facets and parametric quantities, hydrogeochemical theoretical account will be proposed ( Arc GIS10 ) . This theoretical account will be much helpful for preservation and better direction and use of the groundwater resources.Result of the research probe:Assess the impact of over development of land H2O and pollution impact on aquifer system and land H2O quality.Suggest remedial steps to minimise the land H2O backdown by following progresss irrigation techniques.Management of H2O resources and used as a theoretical account to follow in other similar countries.Mentions:Armanpour, Sahar- Karami, G- Yakhkoshi, E ( 2007 ) , Study of concentration of heavy and chief metal elements in groundwater resources of Garmabdasht in Gorgan, the first environmental and medical geological conference.Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad –Manshuori, M, 2008, survey on grounds and jobs of aquifer overdraft in Asad Abad Plain in Hamedan, the 4th national conference of geology and environment in Eslamshahr ( in Persian ) .Fazel Tavassol, Sajjad ( 2009 ) , maestro ‘s class thesis, Study of Chahardoly Aquifer Gaseous Reasons and its Environmental impacts, Tehran Azad University, Sciences and Research Branch, P81 to 83 ( in Persian ) .Water Resources Studies Unit of Tehran Regional Water Company ( 2005 ) , study on suggestion for extension of the prohibition in the studied part of Tehran-Karaj.

Sartre’s Existentialism

Existentialism is frequently misunderstood for its deceptive complexity. In reality, existentialist provisions are rather simple to understand. They were exemplified in Sartre’s No Exit, in which the author presented his vision of human identity. This paper is centered on evaluating and re-considering existentialism in Sartre’s No Exit. Sartre’s Existentialism Introduction Existentialism has become the result of the fruitful creative work of Jean-Paul Sartre. His works are extremely philosophic, and one sometimes needs to undertake several reading efforts to understand the implications of Sartre’s works. It not a secret, that his No Exit is the bright representation of existentialist ideas. Sartre was capable of including everything he thought about life into this short play. He did not need too many characters, or too many scenes to carry the most important philosophical messages to the reader. This was the proof of his talent and the desire to change people’s ideas about their inner motives and identities. The play takes place in the small room with old furniture and somewhat strange style. The three people: Garcin, Estelle, and Inez are closed in that room. The question what these three people do there is simple to answer: the room is Sartre’s representation of hell. The three people are the three dead souls who appeared in hell after their deaths. Each of them possesses their own character, and each has something to tell. However, there are profound implications in their constant interaction, bearing in mind that they have no other way out, and they cannot be as free as they used to be in their earth lives. We will find almost all existentialist ideas expressed in this small but extremely complex piece of writing. It is even more interesting to consider each of them separately. â€Å"Man is responsible for what he is. Thus, the first effect of existentialism is that it puts every man in possession of himself as he is, and places the entire responsibility for his existence squarely upon his own shoulders† (Sartre 1989, p. 132). The role of Sartre’s existentialism has initially been in the attempt to explain the positive sides of that philosophical trend. Sartre was aiming at proving that existentialism was not a negative notion in the society; moreover, he also wanted to show that existentialism did not mean neglecting human values and leading immoral way of life. On the contrary, he positioned existentialists as those who had to create themselves and to be responsible for what they were (Heter 2006, p. 29). Was this true? Yes, it was, and No Exit proved it. The examples of Garcin and Estelle only support these assumptions. We can understand why these two people found themselves in hell but yet we come to understanding that Sartre describes hell only with the help of indirect hints found throughout the play. It is even more interesting, that while Sartre justified a person for being a human, and displayed the importance of a person creating oneself without outside help, we also see the changing attitudes of Estelle and Garcin towards their earth lives. These changes are viewed in the gradual process of their revelation and recognizing the terrible realities of their previous lives. Meeting Garcin and Estelle for the first time, we become aware of their stories, but these stories are shown in their personal interpretation: â€Å"I lost my parents when I was a kid, and I had my young brother to bring up. We were terribly poor and when an old friend of my people asked me to marry him I said yes. He was very well off, and quite nice. My brother was a very delicate child and needed all sorts of attention, so really that was the right thing for me to do, don’t you agree? My husband was old enough to be my father, but for six years we had a happy married life. Then two years ago I met the man I was fated to love. † (Sartre, 1944) Only reaching the end of the play we come to understanding that Estelle’s story had not been as innocent as she tried to depict it. Moreover, she had left its most significant part beyond the limits of our consciousness. What she had to tell later terrified the reader, yet helped to realize that Sartre was right in his existentialist provisions: people create themselves as they want to; they have their will, they are conscious, and they have to be fully responsible for what they do (Flynn 2005, p. 8). The fact that Garcin and Estelle appeared in hell was the expression of that responsibility, or rather, the consequences of the responsibility all of us have to carry for our actions. Garcin had to recognize the fact that he had tortured his wife: his open adulteries, alcohol, and total indifference to her as a human being had not pushed him to a thought that he had been doing something wrong. He forgot that each of us is not only responsible for ourselves, but for everyone around us. I am thus responsible for myself and for all men, and I am creating a certain image of man as I would have him to be, in fashioning myself I fashion man† (Sartre 1989, p. 137). The profound truth of this idea is also displayed through Estelle’s and Garcin’s conduct. In being so indifferent towards his wife, Garcin has also made his choice about her, putting her into a tragic position of â€Å"always waiting for him† (Heter 2006, p. 30). He had to admit that â€Å"she never cried, never uttered a word of reproach. Only her eyes spoke† (Sartre, 1944), but it was not only her choice. That was the choice of Garcin, too, and they both contributed enough to create the picture of a never happy family. Estelle made her choice, too, and it is impossible but to admit that she had also been responsible for at least the two lives next to her: the life of her small child, and the life of her lover. Surely, she wanted to avoid ethical conflicts in her life, and she was proud to state that her husband never knew the truth. Yet she forgot to mention that the lives of her lover and her child were also dependent on her. She became the cause of their death, either direct or indirect. In any case, the hell has become her refuge, her revelation, and the proof of her inner responsibility for her deeds (Flynn 2005, p. 51). No matter how hard we may try to conceal our real feelings, we cannot escape inner moral tortures for what we have once performed. This is why the inventiveness of Sartre’s hell is in not showing it with traditional attributes: fire, tortures, Satan, etc. We are the tortures to ourselves, and our consciousness tells for us. Hell is the mere representation of our fears, and it does not necessarily have to be in the form of the burning fires. In this existentialist analysis of Estelle and Garcin we have forgotten about the third participant of the discussed events. It is not surprising: Inez also had her sins and had to confess she had become the reason of the three deaths, including her own, but in Sartre’s play she better served a kind of a mirror, in which the sins of the other two were reflected: â€Å"Suppose I try to be your glass? Come and pay me a visit, dear. Here’s the place for you on my sofa. † (Sartre, 1944) The concept of God is even more interesting to be viewed through the prism of existentialism. Sartre was keeping to the so-called atheistic existentialism. This did not though mean that Sartre was denying existence of God at all; he rather explained the connection of God, his absence in human imagination, and as a consequence, the absence of moral and ethical standards according to which a person should act. â€Å"The existentialist is strongly opposed to a certain type of secular moralism which seeks to suppress God at the least possible expense. † (Sartre 1989, p. 138). However, existentialist vision of God is rather contradictory and remains that in the discussed play. First of all, can we suggest that there is no God, if Sartre depicts Estelle, Inez, and Garcin in hell? Hell is initially a well known antipode of paradise, and it is possible to suggest that if hell exists, there is also paradise. As a consequence, if those who used to deny usual moral standards in their lives appear in hell, doesn’t this mean that those who led positive way of life could appear in paradise? Second, Sartre was very rigid in terms of morality as it is: he used to assume that we could not follow moral standards from outside (Flynn 2005, p. 52). According to existentialist ideas, moral standards are brought to us from the depth of our souls, and what we have to do is to realize, what our inner identity tells us. All characters of the play have ultimately proved what Sartre wanted to show: there were no God, but there were also no human values. This is why all three appeared in hell. Existentialism is not the denial of God; it is the set of ideas according to which people should be responsible for their passions. In this sense existentialist teaching is very similar to Christianity, how strange this may sound. â€Å"The existentialist does not believe in the power of passion. He will never regard a grand passion as a destructive torrent upon which a man is swept into certain actions as by fate, and which, therefore, is an excuse for them† (Sartre 1989, p. 41). There is no need to repeat, that Estelle, Garcin, and Inez are Sartre’s embodiments of this interesting idea. Their passions have led them to hell and they are meant to spend eternity in the room with weird angles and strange furniture, behind the door which is never opened, and with no sleep, as their eyes do not have eye lids. Garcin had a passion towards women and entertainment; he had passion towards pacifism and did not think of its possible negative consequences. Inez’s passions resulted in the death of the three persons, and Estelle’s passion led to the death of her child, and later, her lover. The man is responsible for his passions, and we can easily see the conjunction of the responsibility for passions, and responsibility for other people. Actually, these are similar expressions of the same philosophical interactions, or these can be built in a logical line: we are responsible for our passions, which impact the lives of other people, and thus through our actions we are also responsible for others. None of the three characters will be able to escape the inner responsibility for the lost lives. This realization becomes even brighter, caused not by physical tortures as we traditionally imagine them in hell, but by conversations between Estelle, Inez, and Garcin, in which they make each other reveal their truths. As a result, hell is not outside and not in physical pain; it is inside us and it eats us from inside. Moreover, hell is in people who direct us towards seeing the truth about ourselves. As far as we are what we want to be, people around us create an image of ourselves which we have to accept. Hell is in being objective towards ourselves; Sartre recognized the human nature, and the difficulty with which we recognize our identities (Sartre 1989, p. 131). This is why this recognition is the embodiment of hell for us. Estelle is a bright representation of existentialist vision. As long as Sartre’s ideas related to the human opportunity to choose, she had clearly proved the importance and possibility of human choice. Of course, killing one’s child is possibly the human choice in its most radical form, but it seems that Sartre had to use this complex context to make existentialist vision more understandable to the reader. There is surely, the risk that the reader might misunderstand the purpose of this tragic plot, but it is more probable that Estelle’s actions will not be misinterpreted. While conventional reader will try to judge Inez, Estelle, and Garcin through the prism of widely accepted moral norms, these are the existentialists who state the absence or the small role of the external societal standards (Heter 2006, p. 35). There is no common morality which could push us towards these or those actions. As a result, depicting three negative personalities is the means of clarifying the basic existentialist provisions: responsibility for actions, responsibility for passions, and the absence of God and general moral standards. This work is not meant to judge whether existentialism in Sartre’s works was negative or positive. The meaning of existentialism is in trying to view ourselves through Sartre’s viewpoint, and to think whether we can accept his vision of our lives. Conclusion Contrary to many traditional opinions, Sartre’s existentialism is absolutely humanistic. When we read his No Exit, we may conclude that the play is absolutely negative and absolutely immoral: open adultery, suicides, and child’s murders constitute a brief but colored picture of the play. However, these are the backgrounds, without which it would hardly be possible to notice the humanism, about which we speak. Existentialism is directly connected with humanism; â€Å"if people condemn our works of fiction, in which we describe characters that are base, weak, cowardly and sometimes even frankly evil, it is not only because those characters are base, weak, cowardly or evil† (Sartre 1989, p. 142). The importance of existentialist humanism is not in pushing us towards the thought that our cowardice or our passions are the results of some external societal factors. The humanism of existentialism is in showing human responsibility for these evils and actions. As a result, cowardice and evil are determined not by some external attributes (for example, being a coward means being bad), but by the actions of people (for example, when certain passions cause the death of an innocent child). No Exit is the example of short and consistent existentialist vision of our lives, our identities, and the consequences of our reasonable choices.