Soil, Land Use And Environment Example

Soil, Land Use And Environment Example Soil, Land Use And Environment â€" Essay Example > To what extent can it be argued that the acidification of soils in humid temperate regions is the product of natural soil development as opposed to land use practice? IntroductionAcidification of soils is caused by the leaching and otherwise removal of cations (e. g. Ca and Mg) at a rate faster than can be supplied by weathering of the parent material. Leaching most often occurs where precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration, and includes the temperate regions of northwestern Europe, where soils have been subject to leaching since the end of the last ice age (Ellis and Mellor, 1995). Natural soils facing the same conditions for an extended time reach an equilibrium pH, but a wide variety of causes can change pH. Very low pH can cause a variety of problems, reducing the availability of nutrients for plant growth, and mobilising heavy metals such as aluminium, which can be very toxic when washed into fresh water systems. Natural causesPure rainwater in equilibrium with the atmospher e has a pH of 5.6. On meeting soil with a lower pH, the water is a sink of protons, as HCO3- ? H2CO3. However, the effect is a relatively small increase in pH, since the concentration of bicarbonate ions is low (Rowell and Wild, 1985). When meeting soil of pH above 5.6, rain has an acidifying effect, as carbonic acid dissociates, releasing protons. These exchange with the exchangeable cations such as Ca and Mg, which are then leached out of the system. In calcareous soils with pH 6.5, CaCO3 dissolves to Ca2+ and HCO3- which are also lost by leaching. The effect of rainwater as an acidifying agent is strongest in this last soil type (Rowell and Wild, 1985). Microbial respiration causes acidification by releasing CO2 which dissolves in soil water to form carbonic acid. Plants also contain many organic acids that are released to the soil. Nitrifying bacteria, also living in the soil, cause acidification by contributing to organic decomposition. In this process, NH4+ ions are oxidised to NO3- ions, with H+ ions as a by-product. Plant growth itself causes acidification, as base cations taken up by the roots are exchanged for H+ ions. The type of vegetation has a great effect on the contribution to acidity. Much research has been done into the effects of different tree species and woodland types (e. g. Hornung, 1985; Ovington, 1953), since the development of forests generally causes soil acidification. The processes in a new forest that contribute to acidification are the formation of an acid litter and mor humus, throughfall and stemflow (altering the chemistry of rainwater), production of organic acids, increased base cation uptake from the soil and increased precipitation interception and evapotranspiration. Not all of these processes act under all forests, and the effects are most marked under coniferous forests. However, there evidence that acidification of soils beneath conifers is largely reversed as the trees reach maturity. During the early years humus build-up is rapid, but later, as the canopy closes, the microclimate becomes less favourable for decomposition of litter, and thus nitrification by bacteria (Miles, 1985). The high soil pH created by young forests also affects the soil macrofauna, particularly earthworms. Earthworms are efficient decomposers of organic material, but can’t tolerate low pH. So, the decomposition of litter under a mature forest is further hindered by the loss of earthworm populations, and pH rises. Rising of pH during forest maturity is also due to changes in the ground vegetation as the forest closes in, for example the loss of relict moorland vegetation that has a strong acidifying effect.

Nuclear Arms Race in South Asia and Its Impact on Regional...

NUCLEAR ARMS RACE IN SOUTH ASIA AND ITS IMPACT ON REGIONAL SECURITY INTRODUCTION 1. The nuclear age opened during World War II with a blinding light; a deafening roars fire and blood. The world’s first nuclear bomb exploded at Alamogordo on 16 July 1945. It had a very complex history. The sensational discovery of nuclear fission first came in Germany in December 1938. British research then showed that the manufacture of a nuclear weapon was almost possible. The American technological, scientific and industrial effort in the â€Å"Manhattan Project†, that actually built the bomb. At last initial test was carried out in the wastes of New Mexico desert. The American first used nuclear bomb against Japan in August 1945 in World War II. 2. The†¦show more content†¦Consequently the concern about India surfaces more strongly in the minds of the NNWS than any other state. Besides, India is so close to each one of them in terms of shared history, inheritance and culture that one cannot help but recognize her overwhelming influence. For them, to divorce the past, which all these countries shared with India, is to cut themselves off from their roots. 6. None of the NNWS of South Asia matches the Indian power capabilities with respect to any of the attributes of power. The power difference is so enormous that no NNWS can either singly or collectively encounter the Indian pressure and threat. Therefore, both militarily and economically the states are extremely vulnerable vis-à  -vis India. All these issues bear out the fact that India, a single overwhelming factor, and looms very large in the minds of the small states of South Asia when matters not only of external relations but also of domestic importance are considered. 7. Pakistan is also an important actor in the region and appears big in the mind of NNWS too. But they do not so far perceive it as a threat. Nevertheless, when India and to some extent Pakistan acquire huge armed forces, with the latest combat aircraft, tanks, guns, a vast industrial establishment, a nuclear capability and even a nuclear power submarine then the smaller countries of south Asia cannot but watch with a high degree ofShow MoreRelatedThe Effect of the Cold War on the World1648 Words   |  7 Pagessuggests that the rivalry between the superpowers were responsible for worsening and prolonging the regional conflicts. The Cold War was the elongated tension between the Soviet Union and the United States of America. It started in the mid 40s after WWII had left Europe in shambles and USSR and US in superpower positions. The Cold War was a clash of these superpowers in political, ideological, security, and economic values and ideas. It caused a bipolar system in the world wh ere there were two dominantRead MoreRole of Pakistan in Saarc3309 Words   |  14 PagesPakistan’s Role in SAARC Introduction to SAARC South Asia is a region of enormous prosperity, growth and economic development. It has a long cultural heritage of strong bonding. This region is endowed with huge natural resources in and around. To strengthen the bonding among the people of this region, The South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) is an organization of South Asian nations, founded in December 1985 by Zia ur Rehman and dedicated to economic, technological, socialRead MoreSoutheast Asian Nations ( Asean ) Essay1868 Words   |  8 PagesINTRODUCTION Southeast Asia consists of ten countries which are largely characterized by their membership within the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). 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This study will summarizeRead MorePresident Of The United States1149 Words   |  5 PagesEisenhower’s first priority was to balance the budget of deficit spending. As a moderate on domestic issues, he accepted most of the New Deals programs as a reality of modern life and even extended some of them. During his first two terms in office, social security was extended to 10 million more citizens, the minimum wage was raised, and additional public housing was built. In 1953, Eisenhower consolidated welfare programs by cr eating the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (HEW) under Oveta CulpRead MoreThe World Of International Relations2094 Words   |  9 PagesChapter five covers the global south. The global south is usually thought of as the less developed countries in the world. Some of the sources of underdevelopment such as imperialism and mercantilism are explored. The statistical differences are covered as well. There are attempts to develop the south such as the Group of 77, New International Economic Order, foreign direct investment, and official development assistance. These attempts are changing the global south greatly. Many positive developmentsRead MoreTheoretical Background for Nuclear Proliferation in the Cold War Era2555 Words   |  10 PagesTHEORETICAL BACKGROUND FOR NUCLEAR PROLIFERATION Cold War Era If one were to believe that an official written history of North Korea during the past few years, the political developments in North Korea after 1945 and until the date entire communist movement seem to have been relatively simple. In 1948, in the result of nuclear bombs crashed in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, a requirement for non-proliferation of nuclear weapons appeared based on their frightening critical power. The U.S, Canada, andRead MoreMap And Documents Of The Warsaw Pact2358 Words   |  10 PagesHungary 3. European Economic Community Members of the EEC in 1957 consisted of Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands, West Germany, France, and Italy Most members of the EEC were close neighbors geographically, so it was easier to have a greater impact on one another. 4. Breakup of the Soviet Union Independant states that arose were Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan. Trade increased in difficulty for the Russia because, now they were surrounded by a lot of independentRead MoreTaking a Look at the Kashmir Conflict2667 Words   |  11 Pagesits very basis, it is a territorial dispute between the governments of India and Pakistan and Kashmiri insurgent groups over control of the region of Kashmir. However, at it’s core it is religious quarrel that has been affected by the presence of nuclear weapons and the desire for local autonomy. The potential for peace is a topic still widely debated and rarely agreed upon by scholars. Through the decades-long conflict and continuous disaccord between India and Pakistan, the path to peace is pavedRead MoreThe Cold War Of Europe And North America2106 Words   |  9 PagesWhat was the impact of the Cold War outside of Europe and North America ? The Cold War was the relationship developed between the Unites States of America (USA) and the Union of Soviets Socialist Republics (USSR) after the end of World War II. The globe buckled under the two superpowers’ stress, creating a bipolar world fractured between the communism and capitalism ideology. Several times, this relationship came close to resulting in an open confrontation. However, the USA and the Soviets

The Cultural Landscape Of Asian And Latin American Countries

Abstract Street markets have always been a significant aspect of the cultural landscape of Asian and Latin American countries such as China, Thailand, India, Brazil and Mexico. These markets become creators of vital public space and with time, through their actions, appropriate loose space and make a permanent place for themselves in the collective memory of people, eventually contributing to the cultural identity of these neighborhoods. Yet, this potential of markets to become successful and vibrant social spaces and a solution to the class divided hierarchical cities of today, is often not acknowledged or accepted by civic authorities. The State’s policy towards these street markets in developing countries has largely been to eliminate†¦show more content†¦Informal Markets: Creators of Public Space Public Markets play a central role in the formation of public culture and have an articulated relationship with space and society. They morphologically shape space and also shape social networks and economic systems. A large share of market not absorbed by formal economic activities becomes a part of the informal market. It also represents a significant percentage of the national economy, and guarantees jobs to a large number of people. They are rather a sign of heroic entrepreneurship (Hernando de Soto 2000), or of ‘informal survivalism’ as (Mike David 2004) puts it, a primarily mode of livelihood in majority of the Third World countries. Through their act of an informalized production of space, they maximize limited space or create space where no space exists in commercially viable prime locations, thereby creating an economic opportunity out of it and social space as a by-product. While market places fulfil economic considerations, by providing an alternative means of livelihoods to millions, they also perform an indispensable social function by becoming communal spaces, giving life to neighborhoods. Overtime, they become an intrinsic part of the cultural landscape of any neighborhood or city and become places of social gathering at the street level. They act as a catchment area for a community, and provide food, entertainment and social interaction and hence, they successfully

Use of Technology in Cities -Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Use of Technology in Cities. Answer: Introduction Technology is anything which makes life easy and hassle free. The driver less car can be considered as one of the most innovative ideas which can be directly applied to technology. In recent times driver faults can be considered as one of the biggest reason of accidents which occur (Cummings 2017). The driverless cars have mainly gone from science fiction to facts. For instance, the google driver less car are already seen on roads. It was stated that it was driven over a millions miles as of June 2015. The concept of the driverless car is very much beneficial but on the other hand there are many technological aspects which are related to the concept. The main point of emphasis that can be stated is that navigation section from point A to point B. the concept heavily depends on the information which is collected from the surround environment of the car. The main aim of the report is put into consideration the concept which is applied to the driverless car. Emphasis would be put towards the point that how the technology would be beneficial for the society and the concept of connected and driverless car: benefit to business and other aspects of the technology. On the other hand, the means of collecting the information in order to propagate from one to another is also an important aspect of the report. Benefits to the society Driverless car can directly restore the factor of independence towards those who are not able to drive or are physically disabled. the technology can also be beneficial for those who live in area where transport facility is very much less. This would directly lead to predictable journey by means of integrating themselves with the real time management. Travellers can directly reduce the time which is involved in the concept of travelling and as a whole it can economically be used for different purpose (Gaska, Chen and Summerville 2016). Cyber security Perspective Putting focus on the cyber security perspective driverless car can present a number of unique considerations, risk and challenges. As the technology of the driverless car is evolving the manufacturers are focused to build sound privacy and practices which are related to cyber security (Cummings 2017). The privacy aspect is basically characterized by proactive and not reactive. It can anticipate and prevent events which are invasive actually occur. It mainly aims at preventing them before they actually occur. The system being active in an automatic environment it can be very much prone towards hacking. So precaution measures should be implemented in order to avoid such scenario. A driverless car is generally defined as a vehicle with an inbuilt system which performs dynamic driving task with limit assistance form human. It can be basically understood using the following spectrums: Level 0 No automation Level 1 driver assistance Level 2 - partial automation Level 3 partial automation Level 4- high automation Level 5 full automation (Williams 2016). The driverless car can continuously collect the information from the surrounding using a variety of resources which are mainly a radar, a laser surveying technology which is called Lider and three dimensional map. In order to implement the technology, the cars computer utilizes the wireless technology in order to transmit data about the surrounding of the year which is mainly done in real time. The cloud storage can be used in order to store the data which is being collected (Gaska, Chen and Summerville 2016). The driverless car on the other hand should also be able to communicate with each other. This should also be done in real time prospective. Technology is being developed which mainly enables driverless cars to communicate with each other and the infrastructure of the surrounding scenario through the use of sensors that broadcast information (Yigitcanlar, Currie and Kamruzzaman 2017). More advanced intersection control is being implemented which can mainly enable the cars to sense road signs, approaching vehicles and traffic lights from any direction and accordingly adjust the speed. Main data source The key data source for the technology of the driverless cars is the Lider (Chen and Nie 2017). Lider is an acronym for light ranging and detection. This mainly helps to perceive the surrounding of the cars. The Lider creates a high resolution, three dimensional image of the vehicle immediate environment. The Lider data are integrated with a number of other inputs. This mainly include images which are digital which provide visual supplement information such as shape and colour and the GPS (Global positioning system) coordinates. This helps the car to develop a precise understanding of its position on the road and the sonar and the radar, this mainly helps in detecting the nearby objects and their proximity (Fell 2017). Software advantage The chief advantage which is related to the driverless cars derives from the software. It is the software above all the implementations which are involved in the concept. The traditional car manufacturers should always take into consideration the threats that can be involved in the concept. A recent report by the KPMG stated that by the year 2030 all the cars which are new would have some elements which are related to the connectivity and a quarter would be fully autonomous (Gaska, Chen and Summerville 2016). Established car makers have to put forwards the sector of the innovation while still trying to develop the concept of producing conventional vehicles (Zhou et al. 2016). Legal obligations and liability The electronic documents and the personal information acts (PIPEDA) governs the protection of the information which are personal in the course which is related to commercial activities in all the jurisdiction. (Wadhwa, V. and Salkever 2017). Price of privacy People are very much prepared to trade in return for the service like the in house monitoring leading to a lower insurance premium and future location and driving conditions in order to enable better traffic management (Cui 2016). The data security measures should be a high point of emphasis and the concept of the data protocols. The autonomous vehicles wont work if their technology doesnt match up the concept of the developing infrastructure such as car park and the traffic management concept. It mainly sets a standard that will provide a base from which it starts the process of the development of the connected vehicles would can be stated as an invaluable first step (Luo, Yan and Wood 2017). Conclusion The technology which is related to the driverless car comes up with various opportunities. On the other hand, risk factors are also enforced into the concept. Driverless cars will by necessity create, collect and exchange a he amounts of data in order to fulfil the performance need of the technology. All the manufacturers who are involved in the concept a reality on the road from the manufacturer of the sensors to the manufacturer of the cars should be mindful of these issue in order to ensure that this data is properly protected and collected. This technology in the near future can be termed as the safest, efficient and the cheapest of the technology which is related to the transport sector The report can be concluded on the fact that Whereas in the past, car owners were attracted by speed, performance and luxury, tomorrows owner/passenger who, after all, will not be doing so much driving may be more interested in the tech specs such as fast broadband and in car entertainment. In the near future it can play a very vital role in involving a new technological trend. References Chen, P.W. and Nie, Y.M., 2017. Connecting e-hailing to mass transit platform: Analysis of relative spatial position. Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, 77, pp.444-461. Cui, X., 2016. The internet of things. In Ethical Ripples of Creativity and Innovation (pp. 61-68). Palgrave Macmillan, London. Cummings, M., 2017. Point of View: The Brave New World of Driverless Cars: The Need for Interdisciplinary Research and Workforce Development. TR News, (308). Fell, J., 2017. Cars of the future [Transport Concept Cars]. Engineering Technology, 12(2), pp.48-53. Gaska, T., Chen, Y. and Summerville, D., 2016, September. Leveraging driverless car investment in next generation integrated modular avionics (IMA). In Digital Avionics Systems Conference (DASC), 2016 IEEE/AIAA 35th (pp. 1-9). IEEE. Luo, J., Yan, B. and Wood, K., 2017. InnoGPS for Data-Driven Exploration of Design Opportunities and Directions: The Case of Google Driverless Car Project. Journal of Mechanical Design, 139(11), p.111416. Wadhwa, V. and Salkever, A., 2017. The Driver in the Driverless Car: How Our Technology Choices Will Create the Future. Berrett-Koehler Publishers. Williams, M., 2016. Steering Consumers Toward Driverless Vehicles: A Federal Rebate Program as a Catalyst for Early Technology Adoption. Mich. Telecomm. Tech. L. Rev., 23, p.327. Yigitcanlar, T., Currie, G. and Kamruzzaman, M., 2017. Driverless vehicles could bring out the bestor worstin our cities by transforming land use. The Conversation. Zhou, K., Yu, L., Long, Z. and Mo, S., 2017. Local Path Planning of Driverless Car Navigation Based on Jump Point Search Method Under Urban Environment. Future Internet, 9(3), p.51.

Use Software as a service

Table of Contents Introduction Software as a Service Conclusion Works Cited Introduction The software industry is a dynamic industry which has undergone several changes and one of the current trends in the industry is cloud computing. This technology is known as software as a service (SaaS), using this technology service delivery has improved in the software industry.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Use Software as a service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Several outsourcing tools are available online for different uses and purposes. Outsourcing tools rely on the technology of cloud computing whereby all processes are run on a web browser. Several cloud computing technologies are available online and they include from simple tasks such as scheduling meeting, backup solutions. All these solutions are run or processed using software technologies. Software as a Service Cloud computing relies heavily on so ftware to undertake the processes needed by customers. Several cloud computing tools were developed to make processes and other activities easier for customer use. This essay is going to investigate one cloud computing tool used in management of data centers on a pre-defined environment. OpenNebula is cloud computing tool that is used in enterprise-class cloud computing management. Through opennebula.org, customers get the opportunity to download an enterprise management cloud computing tool (FornesThe Software as a Service Dilemma). The OpenNebula project was dedicated to making a total virtual machine (VM) software toolkit. OpenNebula runs on different software platforms in providing deployed solutions in networking, storage, user management and virtualization. The importance of using a cloud computing system like OpenNebula is that it makes operations effective by providing different resources at one go. Cloud computing systems like OpenNebula are developed as bundled application s into one suite. As a result, operating such softwareis cost effective compared to other software because operating different software which is license based are expensive. Operating different software on one platform is challenging and it not scalable since it takes a lot of computer resources (Buyya 138). The biggest advantage in using open-source software like OpenNebula is the availability in many versions. Open-source software is designed by a team of developers who form a community of developers. In the development of OpenNebula, several developers were involved in the development of the software and thus they test the software to come up with high-quality software (Chee 42).Advertising Looking for case study on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Compared to use of other software or systems such as telephones or e-mail communication is that cloud systems operate remotely. Total control over cloud systems is difficult c onsidering the fact that some companies offer cloud computing services at a fee or free. These companies could go bankrupt or be bought out by a competitor and therefore the services offered might disappear. The use of OpenNebula cloud computing suite could be replaced by Amazon’s EC2 cloud computing system which is operates on a user managed web interface (Buyya 141). EC2cloud is not open source and the configuration options are set by the admin and the software is compatible with various computer operating system environments like OpenNebula. Conclusion Cloud computing is the new wave in processing activities through the use of online computer resources. The benefits of cloud computing are endless but several challenges lie in the implementation of cloud computing technologies. Some of these challenges outlined include cost and trust issues. The cost of procuring a good cloud computing software or service is costly and it is difficult to trust cloud computing firms with you r data (Chee 28). Although, the adoption of open source cloud computing software has lessened the challenges and revolutionalized the IT industry in resource allocation, data storage or data manipulation. Works Cited Buyya, Rajkumar,  Broberg, James,  and GoÅ›ciÅ„ski Andrzej. Cloud Computing: Principles and Paradigms. Boston, MA: John Wiley Sons, 2011. Print. Chee, Brown, and Franklin Conroe. Applications for Clouds, Chapter 4 in Cloud Computing: Technologies and Strategies of the Ubiquitous Data Center. London: CRC Press, 2010. Print. Fornes, Daniel. The Software as a Service Dilemma. The Software Advice Blog, 10 Nov.2010. Web.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Use Software as a service specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This case study on Use Software as a service was written and submitted by user Zayne J. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

White Australian Policy

White Australian Policy Introduction Various countries of the world are endowed in terms of resources both natural and manmade. For this reason, there are countries that tend to be better off economically than others. This has seen many people migrate to other countries in search of greener pastures in terms of better employment opportunities and investment as opportunities. Due to the high number of foreign immigrants that countries receive, sometimes countries would come up with policies which would restrict the number of immigrants coming into the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on White Australian Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australia at one time came up with such a policy which came to be referred to as the White Australian Policy. Under this policy those immigrants who applied to come into Australia from certain regions of the world were given preference more than other immigrants. This discussion seeks to establish the reason why the Australian governments adopted this policy in the 20th century. Background Information The White Australian Policy was put in place by the Australian government in the 20th century. Specifically, the year 1901 saw the legislature pass an Act that came to be known as the Immigrations Restrictions Act. The provisions of this legislation restricted the immigration of people from certain regions of the world. Further, this act provided that prohibited immigrants be deregistered from being members of the Common Wealth. Specifically, this Act restricted the immigration of all people who were considered to be of unbecoming or loathsome character, any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease , insane persons as well as those who were likely to become a charge against any charitable or public organization. Other persons who had been restricted from migrating into Australia were those who had any criminal records, prostitutes and any person who had been con tracted to for purposes of manual labour in Australia. The main of this Act therefore was to prevent entry of people who were considered undesirable for the progress of the society in Australia. However even though the policy has since been abolished, many historians argue that Australians remain one of the largest racists groups in the world. There was yet another restriction which required that applicants who wanted to migrate to Australia needed to pass a certain dictation test and those who did not pass were barred entry into Australia. One unfair aspect of this test is that it would more often be conducted in a language in which the applicant did not understand. This made the likelihood of the applicant passing the test very minimal. This was a move that received great support from the bigger community in Australia. As a matter of fact, in the year 1919, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time is quoted as having said that the enactment and implementation of this legislatio n was one of the greatest achievements that Australia had.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second World War During the Second World War, there was a lot of migration as people moved in search of safe places to hide from the war. However, Australia was all the more keen to ensure that people from other countries and especially those who were prohibited by the Immigrations Restrictions Act were not allowed entry into the soil of Australia. Despite the stringent measures that the Australian government had put in place, there are numerous refuges who were non white who gained entry into Australia. When the Second World War came to an end, some of the non-white immigrants who had entered Australia left on their own volition. However, some of the immigrants had since intermarried with Australians and therefore did not want to go back to their native countries. This brough t about a lot of friction between government officials and the non-white immigrants as the government considered these immigrants as having been illegal. The minister of immigration in Australians at the time, having read the mood of the non-white immigrants gave a notice of deportation to the immigrants. This sparked heavy protest from the immigrants which later turned out to be violent (Willard, 1967. p.234). Due to these protests, the government officials loosened their measures and the non-white immigrants were allowed to stay. This marked the beginning of abolition of the White Australian Policy which was not only unfair but discriminatory as well. Further Progress In the year 1957, the Australian government further loosened its measures by allowing any non-European immigrant who had been in Australia for a period of 15 years or more to be granted Australian citizenship (Windshucttle, 2004, p.23). This would later see the Australian government revise and amend the provisions of the Immigrations Restrictions Act which provided for a system that was simpler and made entry into Australia easy than it was previously. In addition, the dictation test which was one of the requirements for any applicant wishing to enter Australia was abolished. Under the provisions of the revised Act any applicant wishing to enter Australia needed not give details of their race as was the case previously. Instead, other factors such as the ability for an immigrant to settle and integrate with the indigenous community and provide value to Australia in terms of their services were considered. The period within which a non-European immigrant could be granted citizenship of Australia was further reduced from fifteen years to five years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on White Australian Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abolishment of the Policy In the year 1966, the government of Australia decided to do away wit h the White Australian policy having acknowledged that it was highly discriminative. This saw the number of non-European immigrants rise considerably. By the year 1973, the government of Australia had resolved on eliminating race as factor for migration. This was done by requiring that any immigrant to Australia, regardless of their origin be granted permanent citizenship of Austria after having stayed in Australia for a period of three years. Further, the government issued instructions to all posts overseas that race be totally and completely disregarded when considering applicants who would wish to immigrate to Australia. The Australian government also made a ratification of all the international treaties and agreements that were in regard to race and immigration. The Whitlam government was very instrumental in ensuring that non-European immigrants were no longer discriminated against in their quest to gain entry into Australia. However, the same government came up with yet anothe r policy which put a restriction on the general number of immigrants who would enter the country every year regardless of their race (Collins, 1962, p.34). This meant that their efforts to abolish the White Australian policy did not bear much fruit since the number of immigrants whether non-European or otherwise into Australia did not go up as expected. It was not until the year 197 when Fraser came into office that the stringent measures were now lifted and there was an increased number of immigrants from various parts of the world with race no longer being a consideration of admission. The Fraser government was committed into bringing immigration changes in Australia and in 1978, the government came up with anew framework which all the more ensured that no person would be denied entry into the soil of Australia based on their racial background. The government laid emphasis on attracting immigrants from other countries, not paying attention to their race but more importantly whethe r those people can bring any value to the Australia. Current Status Presently, Australia is one of the countries who immigrations laws are somewhat friendly (Collins, 1962, p.45). The issue of race has since been dropped and it is no longer a consideration that determined whether or not an applicant will be granted entry into Australia. Other factors that are not considered and are therefore not barriers to entry into Australia include religion, cultural background, religion, language and ethnicity. By the year 2010, Australia was estimated to have a total population of 22.7 million people with more than a quarter of this number being non-European immigrants. This goes to show that Australia has embraced other races into their country and this has paid off because the economy of this country has continued to take an upward trend despite the global recession that has been experienced over time. Australian now views the social and cultural diversity that it has as a source of wealth a nd economic progress.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The issue if immigration is one that has remained contentious in many countries. This is because many countries would like as much as is possible to protect their culture, beliefs and practices and they argue allowing many people from outside may water down their culture. However Australia has proven over time that it is indeed possible to accommodate people from other cultures and races and still manage to maintain one’s culture. The White Australian Policy remains part of the Australian history mainly because it was highly discriminative. We however get to understand that such discriminatory and stereotype kind of classifications does not help in nay way and especially for country that is seeking to grow. Growth in a society and especially economical and sociological cannot be achieved in isolation. A society cannot hope to thrive, develop or progress in isolation at the exclusion of other societies. This is because there is no society that has got all the resour ces that it will require for development and there is always the need to engage other societies for combined efforts. Researches have shown that countries that allow immigration of people from other countries without having may restrictions have the advantage of fast economic growth due to the integration of various ideas and skills from different parts of the world. Australia is a good example and especially to those countries where discrimination based on race or any other kind of affiliation is still rife. Countries and especially those that are classified as peripheral countries or third countries must give immigration a serious consideration if they hope to catch up with the affluent countries. It is only by lifting such barriers that notable economic development will be noted and the standards of life of its citizenry will be promoted. References Collins, T. (1962). The white Australia policy. New York: Australian Catholic Truth Society Willard, M. (1967). History of the white Australia policy. London: Routledge. Windshucttle, K. (2004). The white Australia Policy. New York: Mcleay Press.

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean Central America is a region at the center of the two of the American continents. It fully lies in a tropical climate and has savanna, rainforest, and mountainous regions. Geographically, it represents the southernmost part of the North American continent and it contains an isthmus that connects North America to South America. Panama is the border between the two continents. At its narrowest point, the isthmus stretches only 30 miles (50 km)Â  wide. The mainland portion of the region consists of seven different countries, but 13 nations in the Caribbean are also normally counted as a part of Central America. Central America shares borders with Mexico to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Colombia to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The region is considered part of the developing world, which means it has issues in poverty, education, transportation, communications, infrastructure, and/or access to health care for its residents.The following is a list of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean arranged by area. For reference the countries on the mainland portion of Central America are marked with an asterisk (*). The 2017 population estimates and capitals of each country have also been included. All information was obtained from the CIA World Factbook. Central America and the CaribbeanCountries Nicaragua*Area: 50,336 square miles (130,370 sq km)Population:Â  6,025,951Capital: ManaguaHonduras*Area: 43,278 square miles (112,090 sq km)Population:Â  9,038,741Capital: TegucigalpaCubaArea: 42,803 square miles (110,860 sq km)Population:Â  11,147,407Capital: HavanaGuatemala*Area: 42,042 square miles (108,889 sq km)Population:Â  15,460,732Capital: Guatemala CityPanama*Area: 29,119 square miles (75,420 sq km)Population:Â  3,753,142Capital: Panama CityCosta Rica*Area: 19,730 square miles (51,100 sq km)Population:Â  4,930,258Capital: San JoseDominican RepublicArea: 18,791 square miles (48,670 sq km)Population:Â  10,734,247Capital: Santo DomingoHaitiArea: 10,714 square miles (27,750 sq km)Population:Â  10,646,714Capital: Port au PrinceBelize*Area: 8,867 square miles (22,966 sq km)Population:Â  360,346Capital: BelmopanEl Salvador*Area: 8,124 square miles (21,041 sq km)Population:Â  6,172,011Capital: San SalvadorThe BahamasArea: 5,359 square miles (13,880 sq km)Population:Â  32 9,988Capital: NassauJamaicaArea: 4,243 square miles (10,991 sq km)Population:Â  2,990,561Capital: KingstonTrinidad and TobagoArea: 1,980 square miles (5,128 sq km)Population:Â  1,218,208Capital: Port of SpainDominicaArea: 290 square miles (751 sq km)Population:Â  73,897Capital: RoseauSaint LuciaArea: 237 square miles (616 sq km)Population:Â  164,994Capital: Castries Antigua and BarbudaArea: 170 square miles (442.6 sq km)Antigua area: 108 square miles (280Â  sq km); Barbuda: 62 square miles (161Â  sq km);Â  Redonda: .61 square miles (1.6 sq km)Population:Â  94,731Capital: Saint Johns BarbadosArea: 166 square miles (430 sq km)Population:Â  292,336Capital: BridgetownSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArea: 150 square miles (389 sq km)Â  Saint Vincent area: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  102,089Capital: KingstownGrenadaArea: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  111,724Capital: Saint GeorgesSaint Kitts and NevisArea: 101 square miles (261 sq km)Saint Kitts area: 65 square miles (168 sq km); Nevis:Â   36 square miles (93 sq km)Population:Â  52,715Capital: Basseterre