White Australian Policy

White Australian Policy Introduction Various countries of the world are endowed in terms of resources both natural and manmade. For this reason, there are countries that tend to be better off economically than others. This has seen many people migrate to other countries in search of greener pastures in terms of better employment opportunities and investment as opportunities. Due to the high number of foreign immigrants that countries receive, sometimes countries would come up with policies which would restrict the number of immigrants coming into the country.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on White Australian Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Australia at one time came up with such a policy which came to be referred to as the White Australian Policy. Under this policy those immigrants who applied to come into Australia from certain regions of the world were given preference more than other immigrants. This discussion seeks to establish the reason why the Australian governments adopted this policy in the 20th century. Background Information The White Australian Policy was put in place by the Australian government in the 20th century. Specifically, the year 1901 saw the legislature pass an Act that came to be known as the Immigrations Restrictions Act. The provisions of this legislation restricted the immigration of people from certain regions of the world. Further, this act provided that prohibited immigrants be deregistered from being members of the Common Wealth. Specifically, this Act restricted the immigration of all people who were considered to be of unbecoming or loathsome character, any person suffering from an infectious or contagious disease , insane persons as well as those who were likely to become a charge against any charitable or public organization. Other persons who had been restricted from migrating into Australia were those who had any criminal records, prostitutes and any person who had been con tracted to for purposes of manual labour in Australia. The main of this Act therefore was to prevent entry of people who were considered undesirable for the progress of the society in Australia. However even though the policy has since been abolished, many historians argue that Australians remain one of the largest racists groups in the world. There was yet another restriction which required that applicants who wanted to migrate to Australia needed to pass a certain dictation test and those who did not pass were barred entry into Australia. One unfair aspect of this test is that it would more often be conducted in a language in which the applicant did not understand. This made the likelihood of the applicant passing the test very minimal. This was a move that received great support from the bigger community in Australia. As a matter of fact, in the year 1919, the Prime Minister of Australia at the time is quoted as having said that the enactment and implementation of this legislatio n was one of the greatest achievements that Australia had.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Second World War During the Second World War, there was a lot of migration as people moved in search of safe places to hide from the war. However, Australia was all the more keen to ensure that people from other countries and especially those who were prohibited by the Immigrations Restrictions Act were not allowed entry into the soil of Australia. Despite the stringent measures that the Australian government had put in place, there are numerous refuges who were non white who gained entry into Australia. When the Second World War came to an end, some of the non-white immigrants who had entered Australia left on their own volition. However, some of the immigrants had since intermarried with Australians and therefore did not want to go back to their native countries. This brough t about a lot of friction between government officials and the non-white immigrants as the government considered these immigrants as having been illegal. The minister of immigration in Australians at the time, having read the mood of the non-white immigrants gave a notice of deportation to the immigrants. This sparked heavy protest from the immigrants which later turned out to be violent (Willard, 1967. p.234). Due to these protests, the government officials loosened their measures and the non-white immigrants were allowed to stay. This marked the beginning of abolition of the White Australian Policy which was not only unfair but discriminatory as well. Further Progress In the year 1957, the Australian government further loosened its measures by allowing any non-European immigrant who had been in Australia for a period of 15 years or more to be granted Australian citizenship (Windshucttle, 2004, p.23). This would later see the Australian government revise and amend the provisions of the Immigrations Restrictions Act which provided for a system that was simpler and made entry into Australia easy than it was previously. In addition, the dictation test which was one of the requirements for any applicant wishing to enter Australia was abolished. Under the provisions of the revised Act any applicant wishing to enter Australia needed not give details of their race as was the case previously. Instead, other factors such as the ability for an immigrant to settle and integrate with the indigenous community and provide value to Australia in terms of their services were considered. The period within which a non-European immigrant could be granted citizenship of Australia was further reduced from fifteen years to five years.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on White Australian Policy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Abolishment of the Policy In the year 1966, the government of Australia decided to do away wit h the White Australian policy having acknowledged that it was highly discriminative. This saw the number of non-European immigrants rise considerably. By the year 1973, the government of Australia had resolved on eliminating race as factor for migration. This was done by requiring that any immigrant to Australia, regardless of their origin be granted permanent citizenship of Austria after having stayed in Australia for a period of three years. Further, the government issued instructions to all posts overseas that race be totally and completely disregarded when considering applicants who would wish to immigrate to Australia. The Australian government also made a ratification of all the international treaties and agreements that were in regard to race and immigration. The Whitlam government was very instrumental in ensuring that non-European immigrants were no longer discriminated against in their quest to gain entry into Australia. However, the same government came up with yet anothe r policy which put a restriction on the general number of immigrants who would enter the country every year regardless of their race (Collins, 1962, p.34). This meant that their efforts to abolish the White Australian policy did not bear much fruit since the number of immigrants whether non-European or otherwise into Australia did not go up as expected. It was not until the year 197 when Fraser came into office that the stringent measures were now lifted and there was an increased number of immigrants from various parts of the world with race no longer being a consideration of admission. The Fraser government was committed into bringing immigration changes in Australia and in 1978, the government came up with anew framework which all the more ensured that no person would be denied entry into the soil of Australia based on their racial background. The government laid emphasis on attracting immigrants from other countries, not paying attention to their race but more importantly whethe r those people can bring any value to the Australia. Current Status Presently, Australia is one of the countries who immigrations laws are somewhat friendly (Collins, 1962, p.45). The issue of race has since been dropped and it is no longer a consideration that determined whether or not an applicant will be granted entry into Australia. Other factors that are not considered and are therefore not barriers to entry into Australia include religion, cultural background, religion, language and ethnicity. By the year 2010, Australia was estimated to have a total population of 22.7 million people with more than a quarter of this number being non-European immigrants. This goes to show that Australia has embraced other races into their country and this has paid off because the economy of this country has continued to take an upward trend despite the global recession that has been experienced over time. Australian now views the social and cultural diversity that it has as a source of wealth a nd economic progress.Advertising Looking for essay on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The issue if immigration is one that has remained contentious in many countries. This is because many countries would like as much as is possible to protect their culture, beliefs and practices and they argue allowing many people from outside may water down their culture. However Australia has proven over time that it is indeed possible to accommodate people from other cultures and races and still manage to maintain one’s culture. The White Australian Policy remains part of the Australian history mainly because it was highly discriminative. We however get to understand that such discriminatory and stereotype kind of classifications does not help in nay way and especially for country that is seeking to grow. Growth in a society and especially economical and sociological cannot be achieved in isolation. A society cannot hope to thrive, develop or progress in isolation at the exclusion of other societies. This is because there is no society that has got all the resour ces that it will require for development and there is always the need to engage other societies for combined efforts. Researches have shown that countries that allow immigration of people from other countries without having may restrictions have the advantage of fast economic growth due to the integration of various ideas and skills from different parts of the world. Australia is a good example and especially to those countries where discrimination based on race or any other kind of affiliation is still rife. Countries and especially those that are classified as peripheral countries or third countries must give immigration a serious consideration if they hope to catch up with the affluent countries. It is only by lifting such barriers that notable economic development will be noted and the standards of life of its citizenry will be promoted. References Collins, T. (1962). The white Australia policy. New York: Australian Catholic Truth Society Willard, M. (1967). History of the white Australia policy. London: Routledge. Windshucttle, K. (2004). The white Australia Policy. New York: Mcleay Press.

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean

Countries of Central America and the Caribbean Central America is a region at the center of the two of the American continents. It fully lies in a tropical climate and has savanna, rainforest, and mountainous regions. Geographically, it represents the southernmost part of the North American continent and it contains an isthmus that connects North America to South America. Panama is the border between the two continents. At its narrowest point, the isthmus stretches only 30 miles (50 km)Â  wide. The mainland portion of the region consists of seven different countries, but 13 nations in the Caribbean are also normally counted as a part of Central America. Central America shares borders with Mexico to the north, the Pacific Ocean to the west, Colombia to the south and the Caribbean Sea to the east. The region is considered part of the developing world, which means it has issues in poverty, education, transportation, communications, infrastructure, and/or access to health care for its residents.The following is a list of the countries of Central America and the Caribbean arranged by area. For reference the countries on the mainland portion of Central America are marked with an asterisk (*). The 2017 population estimates and capitals of each country have also been included. All information was obtained from the CIA World Factbook. Central America and the CaribbeanCountries Nicaragua*Area: 50,336 square miles (130,370 sq km)Population:Â  6,025,951Capital: ManaguaHonduras*Area: 43,278 square miles (112,090 sq km)Population:Â  9,038,741Capital: TegucigalpaCubaArea: 42,803 square miles (110,860 sq km)Population:Â  11,147,407Capital: HavanaGuatemala*Area: 42,042 square miles (108,889 sq km)Population:Â  15,460,732Capital: Guatemala CityPanama*Area: 29,119 square miles (75,420 sq km)Population:Â  3,753,142Capital: Panama CityCosta Rica*Area: 19,730 square miles (51,100 sq km)Population:Â  4,930,258Capital: San JoseDominican RepublicArea: 18,791 square miles (48,670 sq km)Population:Â  10,734,247Capital: Santo DomingoHaitiArea: 10,714 square miles (27,750 sq km)Population:Â  10,646,714Capital: Port au PrinceBelize*Area: 8,867 square miles (22,966 sq km)Population:Â  360,346Capital: BelmopanEl Salvador*Area: 8,124 square miles (21,041 sq km)Population:Â  6,172,011Capital: San SalvadorThe BahamasArea: 5,359 square miles (13,880 sq km)Population:Â  32 9,988Capital: NassauJamaicaArea: 4,243 square miles (10,991 sq km)Population:Â  2,990,561Capital: KingstonTrinidad and TobagoArea: 1,980 square miles (5,128 sq km)Population:Â  1,218,208Capital: Port of SpainDominicaArea: 290 square miles (751 sq km)Population:Â  73,897Capital: RoseauSaint LuciaArea: 237 square miles (616 sq km)Population:Â  164,994Capital: Castries Antigua and BarbudaArea: 170 square miles (442.6 sq km)Antigua area: 108 square miles (280Â  sq km); Barbuda: 62 square miles (161Â  sq km);Â  Redonda: .61 square miles (1.6 sq km)Population:Â  94,731Capital: Saint Johns BarbadosArea: 166 square miles (430 sq km)Population:Â  292,336Capital: BridgetownSaint Vincent and the GrenadinesArea: 150 square miles (389 sq km)Â  Saint Vincent area: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  102,089Capital: KingstownGrenadaArea: 133 square miles (344 sq km)Population:Â  111,724Capital: Saint GeorgesSaint Kitts and NevisArea: 101 square miles (261 sq km)Saint Kitts area: 65 square miles (168 sq km); Nevis:Â   36 square miles (93 sq km)Population:Â  52,715Capital: Basseterre

Burger King Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Burger King - Essay Example With the help of these marketing communication techniques a product can be expansively marketed and product consciousness may be generated amongst the public regarding the various aspects with regard to the product (Laitenen, 2009). The above mentioned tools may be used in segregation, but an organisation can get superlative advantage when these tools are used in a unified way to create impact among the target customers. Messages can be customer oriented or it may be related with the product but the basic underlining principle should be how to convey or deliver the message in the effective most way. Media may be further alienated into six chief classes’ print, outdoor, broadcast, in-store and other media class. Each class has a distinct media type, for example broadcast includes radio and television whereas print class has newspapers and magazines. The combination of the three elements i.e. the messages, the media and the tools is termed as integrated marketing communication ( IMC) (Laitenen, 2009). Planning for the promotion is an indispensable management activity and it should therefore be developed within an appropriate framework. Marketing communication planning framework certifies the provision of a visual guide among different elements. This plan is based on the basis of gathering of relevant information (Laitenen, 2009). The prominent factors that must be incorporated in the market communication plan are the context analysis which deals with defining an opportunity or problem. It identifies the opportunities which are available in the market segment. In the promotional objective tool, the object should be pragmatic in approach. The final end should however be in inducing the customers in buying the product. Corporate objective implies to the business area where the business unit should tend to function. Through promotional strategy the distinct marketing communication techniques are identified and subsequently selected. The three P’s strateg y of marketing communication is pull, push and profile. Pull strategy mainly focuses on the consumers and the basic goal is to induce them to procure the product. For the push strategy, the prospects are the channel intermediaries. A profile strategy emphasises on the brand development (Laitenen, 2009). Budget is concerned with the opportunities and precincts of the thriving marketing communication plan. It considers the monetary aspect of the concern. Schedules are the determining factors of time that may be a determinant in attaining the organisational objective (Laitenen, 2009). The communication process is followed by scrutinising the entire plan. It measures the level to which the target has been achieved. Control and evaluation is thus the most important factor to judge the efficiency of the executed project (Laitenen, 2009). Marketing Communication Planning Framework Source: (Laitenen, 2009). Situation Analysis Burger King has been lacking behind when being compared to McDona ld’s and Subway due to their declining sales figure which were disappointing. It was facing sturdy competition from its competitors who were reaching peaks in terms of gratifying their prospect customers. It had been observed by the analysts that that latest campaigns of Burger King focused on the

Describe the concept of professionalism, responsibilty, and Research Proposal

Describe the concept of professionalism, responsibilty, and accountability of the nurse as a RESEARCHER - Research Proposal Example How new techniques, methods, strategies and other innovative aspects of nursing, could be gradually enforced into patient -tending profession in order to provide them with the levels and standards of personal attention and medication that they may be needing. 5. How research could enhance nursing efficiencies and contribute to a healthier, happier and harmonious social and community setting with enhanced benefits for all - the leaders, promoters, providers, patients and their careers and surrogates. It is seen that the system which was developed in the 1970's as a teaching tool has now transformed into a major decision making and authoritative source for the practice of nursing. In the application of Neurman's Model, it is believed that there are mainly three stress causing aspects that may emanate from "intra personal, inter personal" or "extra personal" reactions to environmental stress. (Andrist, Nicholas & Wolf, 2006, p.245). In the context of nursing research, it is believed that introduction of new techniques or processes of heath care or introduction of new medication or interventions may provoke such reactions among patients, especially the older ones. This would in turn test the professionalism, responsibility and accountability of health care providers. However by use of Nueman's model there are benefits to be derived It propagates a system model propagated for optimum patient welfare and delivery of maximum beneficial health services. In the context of nursing research, this model believes that good health, sense of well being and integrated fitness are fundamental to the teaching of nursing student education. Para.2. Translating nursing research into action: Research entails pursuit of knowledge and understanding to be translated into action for the betterment of patients and careers. Research in the context of

Stephen Cranes Red Badge of Courage Essay -- Stephen Crane Red Badge

Stephen Crane's Red Badge of Courage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When reading the Red Badge of Courage, it is necessary to understand the symbolism that Stephen Crane has created throughout the whole book. Without understanding the true intent of color use, this book loses a meaningful interpretation that is needed to truly understand the main character, his feelings and actions. Crane uses very distinct colors in his text to represent various elements that the main character, Henry or â€Å"the youth†, is feeling along his adventure of enlisting into battle. Red, yellow and gray are the main color's Crane uses consistently in the majority of the chapters to describe Henry’s inner conflicts and feelings. The color purple is mentioned very briefly but reflects Henry’s feelings in a powerful manner. Certain colors dominate throughout the book and there is a change of domination as Henry matures into a real soldier.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The color yellow, when mentioned in the text, represents Henry feeling like a coward and knowing his actions were cowardly. Crane uses the color yellow more in the beginning as Henry was just learning to become a soldier. As the book goes on and Henry matures, the color yellow is not mentioned as often. The color yellow appears in the first chapter when Henry’s mother states that enlisting is a bad idea. He feels his mother’s words were putting a â€Å"yellow light upon the color of his ambitions.† This is a significant statement because at this point in the book, Henry’s cowardice has not yet emerged and his only visions of battle are of him becoming a brave, heroic soldier. Henry’s feelings switch from confidence to cowardice as he runs away from his very first battle. When he looks back at the battlefield with shame, he can see nothing but yellow fog. Crane intended this yellow fog to represent Henry’s feelings of cowar dice after running from his first opportunity of battle. The color yellow appears again in chapter nineteen, as Henry is about to face another battle. The guns that are fired are described as having a yellow flame. This image brings the reader back to the fact that Henry still has cowardice feelings about-facing this battle even though his actions may be contradicting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The color red takes on various contexts in this book and is often used when there is some reference to battle, war, and rage. Unlike the color yellow, Crane used the color red... ...nded that war brings about horrible situations and leaves the few surviving with lost loved ones and terrifying memories.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The color purple is mentioned only a few times but reflects Henry’s feelings at the beginning and the end of the book. This color signifies royalty and honor. In chapter two, when Henry still believes that in the end all the men will be honorable brave hero’s the uniforms are described as being a deep purple. Not till the end of the book in chapter 24 does Crane again use the color purple when he mentions that the â€Å"fellows marched now in wide purple and gold† to show once again that royalty is present and all that had survived are being now being honored.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Throughout the text of the Red Badge of Courage Crane uses but a few specific colors and has significant meaning for each one of them. In order to truly understand and feel what the main characters are feeling, more importantly Henry, it is extremely important for the reader to comprehend what each color signifies and how it relates to the feelings of Henry and the other characters. Without this type of understanding one can not fully appreciate Cranes writing in the Red Badge of Courage.

Retention Management

What is Employee Retention ? Employee retention refers to the various policies and practices which let the employees stick to an organization for a longer period of time. Every organization invests time and money to groom a new joinee, make him a corporate ready material and bring him at par with the existing employees. The organization is completely at loss when the employees leave their job once they are fully trained. Employee retention takes into account the various measures taken so that an individual stays in an organization for the maximum period of time.Importance of Retention Manage Employee Turnover Employers implement retention strategies to manage employee turnover and attract quality employees into the organization. Retention programs focus on the relationship between management and their workers. Competitive pay, benefits, employee recognition and employee assistance programs are all apart of a company's attempt to maintain employee satisfaction. Human resources special ists utilize feedback they receive from exit interviews and focus groups to improve employee relations and reduce turnover. Cost EffectiveA company can significantly benefit from employee retention programs because of a direct effect on an employer’s bottom line. High turnover can be very expensive. According to the Society for Human Resources Management, â€Å"employee replacement costs can reach as high as 50 to 60 percent of an employee’s annual salary. † Strategies geared towards retaining good workers helps offset employee replacement costs and reduces the indirect costs such as decreased productivity and lost clients. Maintain Performance And Productivity Employee retention practices help support an organization’s productivity.Recruiting and training new employees takes time. An unfilled position means work is not getting done. Even if a position is filled, there is still a learning curve most employees must overcome before their work becomes profit able. Taking the necessary steps to keep current workers satisfied with their roles will ensure productivity is not interrupted. Enhances Recruitment Effective retention strategies often begin during the employee recruitment process. Employees are more inclined to remain with a company that fulfills the promises made when their employment offer was extended.Companies that provide a realistic view of their corporate environment, advancement opportunities and job expectations to new hires can positively influence employee retention. Increases Morale Employees that enjoy what they do and the atmosphere in which they work are more likely to remain employed with their company. Retention strategies are important because they help create a positive work environment and strengthen an employee’s commitment to the organization. Strategies that target employee engagement, such as team-builders and community involvement, increase company morale and give employees a sense of pride in what they do.The procedure of Retention Management The procedure of retention management consists of six steps[5]: 1. Identification of the target and actual needs of the staff 2. Analysis of the fluctuation risk of the staff 3. The Analysis of factors of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention group 4. Identification of the targeted measures 5. Implementation of the measures 6. Evaluation of the measures Step 1: Identification of target and actual needs of the staff The starting point is the corporate strategy and business objectives.The product, market or organisational goals of the company can help to identify strategic staffing needs and the strategic relevant skills of employees. Step 2: Analysis of the fluctuation risk of staff In step 2, the HR manager is interested in the degree of the fluctuation risk. First, it is important, to analyse the common portfolio of the potentials and performance of the employees. In large companies, this could be done through a management audit. In small businesses this can be clarified with an employee interview. This gives the manager information about the power structure in the relevant group.But this information is not enough to estimate the probability of fluctuation. It is also necessary to consider the demand for the relevant skills in the labor market. When a manager combines the results of the analysis he can identify three risk categories, which would cause a priority for the retention management: * Those employees, who are in great demand in the labor market and who have a high capacity, are the key target group for retention management measures. * Those employees, who perform well and whose skills are somewhat in demand in the labor market, have a mean fluctuation risk.Depending on the corporate strategy they are the second important target group for retention management measures. * Employees that have skills that exist in large numbers in the labor market and who also who perform well are currently not a relevant retention target. Step 3: Analysis of factors of Motivation/Demotivation of the retention group Now motivators and demotivators must be found in the identified retention target group. The motivators must be taken into account and demotivators must be removed with the help of appropriate measures, to ensure that the employees develop affective commitment.Motivators and demotivators can be estimated from the outcome of questionnaires. Subsequently a Motivation/Demotivation profile of the retention target group should be formed. Step 4: Identification of the targeted measures The various measures of human resource management relate to different motivational factors. These connections can be used to create a specific matrix in which the action areas of personnel management and appropriate measures will be brought together with the motivational factors. Step 5: Implementation of the measures After the analysis measures will be implemented.Here are some important aspects: * Conceptual fo undations: The measures must be defined and applied according to clear rules, in this context ad hoc measures lead only to short-term success with negative cultural impact. * Cultural fit: Measures must be in accordance with the corporate culture and the existing Management tool system For example, a variable compensation system makes little sense without a performance appraisal system! * Marketing personnel action: The application of the measures must be accompanied by internal communication. Only then the efforts of a retention manager will be perceived! Retention factors: By the design and implementation of retention management policies respect and transparency must be taken into account. Only when these measures convey these values, they will have great influence! Step 6: Evaluation of the measures After the implementation of the measures it is necessary to assess the success of the activities. This can be achieved by comparing the results to the objectives that were set in the retention management strategy. After the expiry of the defined period and after application of the retention policies the manager can check how the objectives were achieved.For example, if the objective was that 80% of the defined strategically relevant staff should be in business at time X, then the manager can determine whether this ratio was reached at time X, and whether it was exceeded or not exceeded. From this statement the manager can derive new measures and draw conclusions about the practice of the concept of retention management. Important conditions for the success of retention management are on the one hand, human resource management in the company, and on the other hand project management of the implementation of retention management. Determinants of Retention CAREER DEVELOPMENT OPPORTUNITIESCareer development is a system which is organized, formalized and it’s a planned effort of achieving a balance between the individual career needs and the organizationâ€⠄¢s workforce requirements (Leiboiwitz et al, 1986). The rapidly growing awareness makes it obvious that people can give the firm its leading edge in the market place. The new challenge for the HR professionals is to identify the developmental strategies which can inspire the commitment of employees to the firm’s mission and values so that the employees become motivated and help the firm to gain and maintain a competitive advantage (Graddick, 1988).A company that wants to strengthen its bond with its employees must invest in the development of their employees (Hall ;amp; Moss, 1998; Hsu, Jiang, Klein ;amp; Tang, 2003; Steel et al. , 2002; Woodruffe, 1999). It entails in creating opportunities for promotion within the company and also providing opportunities for training and skill development that let employees to improve their employability on the internal and/or external labour market (Butler ;amp; Waldrop, 2001). Growth opportunities which were offered by the employers are reduced due to turnover intentions of employees because the lack of training and romotional opportunities was the main cause for high-performers to leave the company (Allen, Shore ;amp; Griffeth, 2003; Steel et al. , 2002). Career development is important for both the organization and individual (Hall, 2002). It’s a mutual benefit process because career development provides the important outcomes for both parties (Hall, 1996; Kyriakidou and Ozbilgin, 2004). Organizations need talented employees for maintaining the sustainable competitive advantage and individuals require career opportunities to develop and grow their competencies (Prince, 2005).SUPERVISOR SUPPORT One of the most important factors that have impact on retention is the relationship between a worker and a supervisor. Supervisors are the â€Å"human face† of an organization. According to Eisenberger and associates (1990), a worker’s view of the organization is strongly influenced by their relationshi p with their supervisor. By having support, workers are less likely to leave an organization and be more engaged by having good relationship and open communication with the supervisor (Greenhaus, 1987).Supervisors interact as a link to practice applications among stated goals and expectations. By harmonizing the competing demands, they support in managing both inside and outside the work environment. If the relationship does not exceed then employee will seek to any other opportunity for new employment and vice versa. The supervisor support is so essential to retention that it can be said that employees leave bosses, not jobs. Organization must groom supervisors to well build the place where employees want to stay.Providing each level of performance and opportunities can enhance their capabilities to work. WORK ENVIRONMENT Numerous studies have attempted to explain work environment in various areas such as for example employee turnover job satisfaction employee turnover, job involve ment and organizational commitment. Work environment is one of the factors that affect employee’s decision to stay with the organization. Hytter (2008) analyzed that work environment has commonly been discussed by industrial perspective, i. e. ith a focus on physical aspects such as, heavy lifts, noise, exposure to toxic substances etc. The interesting part is; characteristics of work environment vary in services sector as compare to production sector because it has to interact with the clients/consumers (Normann 1986). Depending on the kind of business and kind of job, interactions will be more or less frequent and more or less intense. The interaction between employees and consumer/client hence demands a move of focus from the physical to the Psycho social dimension of work environment.Psycho social work environment includes support, work load, demands, decision latitude, stressors etc. It’s very important to recognize the emerging needs of individuals to keep them c ommitted and provide the work environment as necessitate (Ramlall, 2003). Milory (2004) reported that people enjoy working, and strive to work in those organizations that provide positive work environment where they feel they are making difference and where most people in the organization are proficient and pulling together to move the organization forward. REWARDSThe term ‘reward’ is discussed frequently in the literature as something that the organization gives to the employees in response of their contributions and performance and also something which is desired by the employees. A reward can be extrinsic or intrinsic it can be a cash reward such as bounces or it can be recognition such as naming a worker employee of the month, and at other times a reward refers to a tangible incentive, reward is the thing that an organization gives to the employee in response of their contribution or performance so that the employees become motivated for future positive behavior.In a corporate environment rewards can take several forms. It includes, cash bonuses, recognition awards, free merchandise and free trips. It is very important that the rewards have a lasting impression on the employee and it will continue to substantiate the employee’s perception that they are valued. Rewards are very important for job satisfaction because it fulfills the basic needs as well as helps to attain the higher level of goals. Earnings is the way by which worker get to know that how much they are gaining by dedicating their time, effort and skills in a job.Attractive remuneration packages are one of the very important factors of retention because it fulfills the financial and material desires as well as provide the means of being social by employee’s status and position of power in the organization. Many researchers demonstrate that there is a great deal of inter-individual difference in understanding the significance of financial rewards for employee retention . An organization’s reward system can affect the performance of the employee and their desire to remain employed. WORK-LIFE POLICIESMany researchers tested the impact of work and family benefits which comprise of flexible schedules, childcare assistance, parental leave, childcare information and parental leave on organization commitment. Researches showed that there is greater organizational commitment if employees had access to work life policies and also these employees articulated considerably with lower intent to renounce their profession. Today a major concern in business is Workplace flexibility. The one thing becomes very clear that money alone is not enough; employees are willing to trade a certain amount of money for reduced work hours in their schedules.It is argued by the researchers that reduced work hour options should have the potential of win-win situation for both individuals and organizations, there should be a fit between the schedule the person needs and th e actual number of hours worked. Distress and fatigue from excessive time on job can lead to decline in performances of the employee and also it affects the safety level. A large amount of time at work is not a good predictor of productivity and it is observed that periods of time away from work can be extremely beneficial to the quality and productivity of a person’s work.The employee willingness to opt for reduced –hours schedules is not simply a matter of scheduling it involves redesigning work arrangements which leads to change in organization culture and careers, viable reduced-hours career options require simultaneous changes in the areas of compensation, assignments and promotions. So it is more cost-effective and productive for management to design the work arrangements to fit the human than it is force the human to fit the system (Barnet ;amp; Hall, 2001).By applying work-life course of actions, an organization can enhance its ability to respond to demands of customers for better access to services and also the tactics for the organizations to deal with the revolutionized way in order to satisfy both employees and employers . ABSENTEEISM Absenteeism is a serious workplace problem and an expensive occurrence for both employersand employees seemingly unpredictable in nature. A satisfactory level of attendance byemployees at work is necessary to allow the achievement of objectives and targetsby a department. Employee Absenteeism is the absence of an employee from work.It is a major problem faced by almost all employers of today. Employees are absentfrom work and thus the work suffers. Absenteeism of employees from work leads toback logs, piling of work and thus work delay. Absenteeism is of two types -1. Innocent absenteeism – Is one in which the employee is absent from workdue to genuine cause or reason. It may be due to his illness or personalfamily problem or any other real reason2. Culpable Absenteeism – is one in which a person is absent from workwithout any genuine reason or cause. He may be pretending to be ill or justwanted a holiday and stay at home.Many employees will, on occasions, need a few days off work because of illness, however, whenabsences become more frequent or long term and reach an unacceptable level, action bymanagement is necessary. Absence from work can be expensive in both monetary and humanterms. The costs incurred when an employee is absent from work may include:(i) Replacing the employee or requiring other staff to cover the absence;(ii) Inability to provide services, or achieve section and departmental objectives;(iii) Low morale and general dissatisfaction from other staff, particularly if the absence isHigh absenteeism in the workplace may be indicative of poor morale, but absences can also be caused by workplace hazards or sick building syndrome. Many employers use statistics such as the Bradford factor that do not distinguish between genuine illness and absence for inap propriate reasons. As a result, many employees feel obliged to come to work while ill, and transmit communicable diseases to their co-workers. This leads to even greater absenteeism and reduced productivity among other workers who try to work while ill.Work forces often excuse absenteeism caused by medical reasons if the worker supplies a doctor's note or other form of documentation. Sometimes, people choose not to show up for work and do not call in advance, which businesses may find to be unprofessional and inconsiderate. This is called a â€Å"no call, no show†. According to Nelson & Quick (2008) people who are dissatisfied with their jobs are absent more frequently. They went on to say that the type of dissatisfaction that most often leads employees to miss work is dissatisfaction with the work itself.The psychological model that discusses this is the â€Å"withdrawal model†, which assumes that absenteeism represents individual withdrawal from dissatisfying wor king conditions. This finds empirical support in a negative association between absence and job satisfaction, especially satisfaction with the work itself. [1] Medical-based understanding of absenteeism find support in research that links absenteeism with smoking, problem drinking, low back pain, and migraines. [2] Absence ascribed to medical causes is often still, at least in part, voluntary.Research shows that over one trillion dollars is lost annually due to productivity shortages as a result of medical-related absenteeism, and that increased focus on preventative wellness could reduce these costs. [3] The line between psychological and medical causation is blurry, given that there are positive links between both work stress and depression and absenteeism. [2] Depressive tendencies may lie behind some of the absence ascribed to poor physical health, as with adoption of a â€Å"culturally approved sick role†.This places the adjective â€Å"sickness† before the word à ¢â‚¬Å"absence†, and carries a burden of more proof than is usually offered. Evidence indicates that absence is generally viewed as â€Å"mildly deviant workplace behavior†. For example, people tend to hold negative stereotypes of absentees, under report their own absenteeism, and believe their own attendance record is better than that of their peers. Negative attributions about absence then bring about three outcomes: the behavior is open to social control, sensitive to social context, and is a potential source of workplace conflict.Thomas suggests that there tends to be a higher level of stress with people who work with or interact with a narcissist, which in turn increases absenteeism and staff turnover TURNOVER Employee turnover is the process of replacing one worker with another for any reason. A turnover rate is the percentage of employees that a company must replace within a given time period. This rate is a concern to most companies because employee turnover can be a costly expense, especially for lower-paying jobs, which typically have the highest turnover rates. Having n employee leave a company, either because of his or her choice or after being fired or otherwise let go, might require various administrative tasks to be performed and severance pay or other payments made to the employee. Replacing the employee might require such things as advertising the open position, using a so-called headhunter or other service to find potential job candidates, bringing in candidates for interviews and eventually training the new employee. Types Of Turnover The two general types of turnover are voluntary and involuntary.Voluntary turnover is when the employee chooses to leave for whatever reason. Involuntary turnover is caused by layoffs and similar actions where the decision for an employee to leave is made by the company and not the employee. As a general rule, voluntary turnover is the measure used to discuss and compare employers. It is the type mo st directly affected by the front line supervisors. Involuntary turnover, caused by layoffs, can be a long-term result of high levels of voluntary turnover. What Is Turnover RateTurnover rate is a calculation of the number of employees who have left the company and it is expressed as a percentage of the total number of employees. Although turnover rate is usually calculated and reported as a percentage per year it can be for different periods. How to prevent turnover Employees are important in any running of a business; without them the business would be unsuccessful. However, more and more employers today are finding that employees remain for approximately 23 to 24 months, according to the 2006 Bureau of Labor Statistics.The Employment Policy Foundation states that it costs a company an average of $15,000  per employee, which includes separation costs, including paperwork, unemployment; vacancy costs, including overtime or temporary employees; and replacement costs including adve rtisement, interview time, relocation, training, and decreased productivity when colleagues depart. Providing a stimulating workplace environment, which fosters happy, motivated and empowered individuals, lowers employee turnover and absentee rates. 10] Promoting a work environment that fosters personal and professional growth promotes harmony and encouragement on all levels, so the effects are felt company wide. [10] Continual training and reinforcement develops a work force that is competent, consistent, competitive, effective and efficient. [10] Beginning on the first day of work, providing the individual with the necessary skills to perform their job is important. [11]Before the first day, it is important the interview and hiring process expose new hires to an explanation of the company, so individuals know whether the job is their best choice. 12] Networking and strategizing within the company provides ongoing performance management and helps build relationships among co-worker s. [12] It is also important to motivate employees to focus on customer success, profitable growth and the company well-being . [12] Employers can keep their employees informed and involved by including them in future plans, new purchases, policy changes, as well as introducing new employees to the employees who have gone above and beyond in meetings. [12] Early engagement and engagement along the way, shows employees they are valuable through information or recognition rewards, making them feel included. 12] When companies hire the best people, new talent hired and veterans are enabled to reach company goals, maximizing the investment of each employee. [12] Taking the time to listen to employees and making them feel involved will create loyalty, in turn reducing turnover allowing for growth. ATTRITION Attrition or Employee Attrition is a voluntary reduction in an organization’s manpower through resignations or retirements. A high attrition rate causes a high employee turnove r in an organization, reducing quantity and quality of an organization’s manpower.This in turn causes a huge expenditure on human resource, by contributing towards repeated acquisition, training and development, and performance management. Attrition or voluntary turnover, although undesirable to any firm, is not completely avoidable. Yet, by improving employee morale and providing a satisfactory working environment, this problem can be nullified to a greater extent. A major cause for voluntary turnover is uninteresting and unchallenging job that offers boredom rather than enthusiasm for employees. Employees who experience boredom at work usually try exploring alternatives to make their work life happier.An easy track to retain these employees is by adopting some sort of job shift through job enrichment, empowerment, de-jobbing, or job rotation. There is also a great impact from the working environment that an organization offers to its employees. An unhappy employee with orga nizational culture, superiors, subordinates, or even customers cause high attrition rate to that organization. These employees can also influence his peers and subordinates by sharing their feelings and opinion. There is also another group of employees who hunt for better alternatives and hop as they get one.These employees may rather spend their majority of working hours in searching new options than contributing to the present employer. This means, behaviour and attitude of an employee also can cause attrition. Why do Employees Leave the Organization? It is said that people leave their bosses,not organizations. When employees are happy with their superiors they choose to stay, if not they look for a switch. So now I see the following reasons to Leave the Boss * Higher pay * Work timings * Career growth * Higher education * Relocation to other places Women leave the job after marriage to take up their house-hold duties * Work pressure * Work Environment * Poor performance. * Losing faith on merger/acquisition * Verbal abuse The Brighter Side of Attrition * A poor performer is replaced by a more effective employee * A senior retirement allows the promotion or acquisition of welcome ‘fresh blood'. * When business is slack it is straight forward to hold off filling recently created vacancies for some weeks. Diagnosing Attrition Commonly Used Techniques in the Industry: 1. Surveys : They are commonly used as part of the information gathering process.They are a reasonable way of obtaining relevant information, though response rates are often disappointing. Questionnaires need to be designed carefully to be effective. They should be easy to use, anonymous and fairly brief. Questions can be open or closed, multiple choice answers, ranking of items or checklist format. 2. Exit Interviews : Exit interviews are used by the majority of companies. They tend to be conducted just before an employee leaves, though some firms wait until after the departure. Exit interv iews will normally to be done in the form of a questionnaire, though one to one interviews are also used.

Qu necesitas saber sobre visa paralizada causa 221g

Cada aà ±o, aproximadamente la solicitud de un millà ³n de visas americanas, tanto no inmigrante como migrantes, entran en un periodo de anà ¡lisis especial conocido como procedimiento administrativo 221g, el cual significa que, por un tiempo,  no son ni aprobadas ni denegadas y la decisià ³n final està ¡ pendiente. En este artà ­culo se informa en detalle sobre quà © es realmente el procedimiento administrativo 221g, por quà © sucede, quà © puede hacer el solicitante de la visa y cuà ¡nto tiempo se demora la obtencià ³n de una respuesta final y definitiva. Puntos clave: Procedimiento administrativo 221g El procedimiento administrativo 221g es una paralizacià ³n temporal de la solicitud de una visa americana. No es una aprobacià ³n ni tampoco una denegacià ³n.Las causas del procedimiento administrativo 221g son variadas: falta de documentacià ³n, necesidad de verificar antecedentes de solicitantes, veracidad de declaraciones en solicitud de visa, etc.Es habitual que la resolucià ³n del procedimiento administrativo 221g se demore 60 dà ­as o menos, pero se conocen casos de demora superior a 8 meses.  ¿Quà © significa el procedimiento administrativo 221g? Cuando el solicitante de una visa americana recibe una notificacià ³n en la que se le informa que su solicitud està ¡ pendiente por razà ³n del procedimiento administrativo 221g, debe entender que eso quiere decir que despuà ©s de la entrevista para la visa el oficial consular a cargo  no ha podido tomar una decisià ³n definitiva. En otras palabras, la visa no es aprobada pero tampoco negada definitivamente, sino que pasa a una tramitacià ³n especial que se conoce como procedimiento administrativo 221g.  ¿Por quà © la solicitud de una visa es enviada a un procedimiento administrativo? Las razones pueden ser bà ¡sicamente dos: En primer lugar, porque falta documentacià ³n para la visa. En este caso, el oficial consular informarà ¡ en detalle sobre quà © documentos se precisan y cà ³mo deben ser enviados al consulado una vez que se obtengan. En estos casos es importantà ­simo tener en cuenta que hay un plazo que se especifica para proveer esa informacià ³n. Luego de ese tiempo sin haber entregado la documentacià ³n, la peticià ³n de visa es cancelada y si se desea sacar la visa se tendrà ¡ que volver a aplicar desde el principio. Y, en segundo lugar, el procedimiento administrativo 221g puede darse por cualquier otra razà ³n. Desde coincidencia en nombre y fecha de nacimiento con otra persona, a informacià ³n variada que pueda tener el consulado y que necesita contrastar antes de tomar una decisià ³n.   Otro ejemplo puede suceder cuando quien solicita la visa ha sido militar en un paà ­s considerado como no amistoso. Tambià ©n en el caso de personas que solicitan la visa y que han visitado o residido en paà ­ses considerados como no amigos de los Estados Unidos. Incluso este problema le puede surgir a empresarios, inversores y cientà ­ficos de algà ºn modo relacionados con tecnologà ­a considerada sensible o de doble uso y que està ¡ incluida en la  Technology Alert List. Pero en la mayorà ­a de los casos se trata de asuntos mà ¡s comunes, como cuando se sospecha criminalidad por parte del solicitante de la visa o cuando se precisa que una oficina dependiente del gobierno federal de los Estados Unidos realice verificaciones. Por ejemplo, cuando se sospecha que uno de los documentos presentados al aplicar por la visa es falso o lo es alguna de las declaraciones y afirmaciones realizadas en las planillas para su solicitud. Hay que tener siempre presente que las mentiras en este contexto son fraude de ley y puede tener consecuencias muy serias con respecto a las opciones para obtener la visa americana.  ¿Cuà ¡nto tiempo se demora resolver el procedimiento administrativo 221g? Cada caso es un mundo y no se puede establecer una regla general. Si bien es cierto que en la mayorà ­a de los casos hay una respuesta definitiva antes de que pasen 60 dà ­as, se sabe de casos en los que la demora ha llegado a los ocho meses o mà ¡s. Si la demora es mayor a lo habitual, debe consultar con un abogado si procede demandar mediante un writ of mandamus.  ¿En quà © consiste el procedimiento administrativo 221g? En cuanto a en quà © consiste este trà ¡mite administrativo 221g, hay dos posibles respuestas. Por un lado puede simplemente consistir en conseguir la documentacià ³n que se necesita y no se ha presentado. En este caso el consulado entrega un papel que dice detalladamente quà © documentacià ³n falta y dà ³nde y cà ³mo se debe entregar. En este caso debe seguir al pie de la letra esas instrucciones. Pero, por otro lado, puede que el trà ¡mite consista en una investigacià ³n por parte de una oficina que de algà ºn modo depende de un organismo federal de los Estados Unidos. Por ejemplo, se pueden verificar los antecedentes penales del solicitante o que realmente trabaja donde dice que lo hace. Incluso se puede enviar a un investigador a verificar la realidad de un matrimonio, etc. En este caso la tramitacià ³n va a depender del tipo de problema que se intenta resolver.  ¿Puede pedirse una tramitacià ³n de urgencia de la visa en este caso? No. Es irrelevante que se quiera la visa para empezar un curso, asistir a una boda, cerrar un negocio, etc. o que ya se hubiera pagado el viaje y el boleto de avià ³n. En ningà ºn caso es posible solicitar una tramitacià ³n de urgencia. Por esta razà ³n se recomienda encarecidamente no comprar tickets ni pagar reservas de viajes antes de tener la visa en mano.  ¿Puede verificarse cà ³mo se encuentra el caso? Si se ha solicitado una visa no inmigrante, tipo turista, estudiante, intercambio, trabajo temporal o semejantes se puede acceder a informacià ³n mà ¡s bien generalista sobre el estado de la tramitacià ³n de la visa en la pà ¡gina oficial del Departamento de Estado habilitada para ello. Si en el papel que se entrega donde se comunica que la solicitud està ¡ en trà ¡mite administrativo 221g se indica un mà ©todo distinto de verificacià ³n, debe seguir esas indicaciones. Si se quiere recibir informacià ³n mà ¡s en detalle, se aconseja contactar al consulado o embajada que tramita la visa. En estos casos es altamente recomendable dejar transcurrir al menos dos meses desde la fecha de la entrevista al momento de contactar por primera vez por esta razà ³n. Si se trata del supuesto en el que pidieron documentacià ³n adicional, debe contar los sesenta dà ­as a partir de la fecha del envà ­o de dicha documentacià ³n.  ¿Quà © sucede cuando se llega a una solucià ³n definitiva? La visa puede ser aprobada o negada. En este à ºltimo caso, se notificarà ¡ la causa. En ambos supuestos  se enviarà ¡ el pasaporte a su titular por el procedimiento que sea habitual en el consulado donde se solicità ³ la visa. El consulado puede negar la aprobacià ³n de una visa por razones que caen en dos grandes categorà ­as: Por causa de ineligibilidad, que es la mà ¡s comà ºn y aplica solamente a las visas no inmigrantes, como la de turista, estudiante, inversià ³n, intercambio, etc., o por alguna de  las  causas de inadmisibilidad  que impiden el ingreso a Estados Unidos, y que aplican tanto a las visas no inmigrante como de las de migrante. Cuanto  sucede una causa de inadmisibilidad, a veces es posible pedir un perdà ³n, tambià ©n conocido como waiver o permiso. Sin embargo, en estos casos es recomendable consultar con un abogado porque son casos difà ­ciles y no siempre es posible. Consejos en forma de tests Se aconseja tomar este quiz o  test de respuestas mà ºltiples en el caso de solicitar una visa no inmigrante. Conocer las respuestas le ayudarà ¡ a entender cà ³mo sacar una visa, conservarla, renovarla y evitar que la cancelen.   En el caso de que el interà ©s sea obtener una visa inmigrante, es de interà ©s tomar este test sobre conocimientos bà ¡sicos de la green card, tambià ©n conocida como tarjeta de residencia permanente o green card. Este es un artà ­culo informativo. No es asesorà ­a legal.