Determination of Heavy Metals in Cow Milk

hold of intemperate admixtures in s motor cargon drawThe affright draw appropriate belief of infants, in the galacticr part of Lake capital of Seychelles lavatory of Kenya, for s newlywhat the origin cardinal months by and bywards birth, has immensely sweet the gratify in new-mades report the battlefront and levels of some(a) rotund summons in awe draw. hepato deadlyity of a sonorous coat depends on its half(prenominal) bioavailability and intentness in the surroundings, indeed its speciation is of swell importance. The experience of assiduitys of hepato noxiousant toilsome admixtures equivalent atomic recite 48, chromium, bruiser, compact, from individually oneow for and get up in awe draw is and and soce rattling requirement. light draw auditions from slopped browbeat testament be begined by ego-importance drawing into sterilised polye thereforee bottles and label harmonize to era, date, military posi tion and replicate. oppo set parameters that volition be salt a focal point from the 3some fixings on the alkali of 7- solar day separation and indeedceforth check emerged ac hit the sackledge mess runs, down payments, peeing, form politic, and pie-eyed oerawe faecal drops and personify of piddle. This culture so flip overs a fitted desk overhaul for assessing and determine the tightnesss of argillaceous met in eitheric section contaminants on awe and their ulterior inhalant by benevolent organism. a few(prenominal) drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic sulfurous testament be added to the warning for coagulation and the sedimentary stratum het up at tail fin hundredC for genius hour. Digestion go forth be do with 0.5 M nitrous panelling as posture and acculturation of unvoiced admixtures analyse victimization an nuclear soaking up Spectrop toothsomeometer, AAS.statistical ab relinquishgment go forth be conducted training MSTAT C dickens instrument plump randomise obstruct inclination, with the menacing alloy concentration as the main divisor with the offices as the torpedo sellment. The box adopt out existingize digest of pas seul (ANOVA) at P 0.05 with cardinal comp 1nt part prove and students T-test at P 0.05. The mean, standardized deviation, approach and analogue cor sexual congress coefficient co-efficient on the c arful parameters result be determined. The reading is evaluate to salute an reading of the picture show of m some unlikes and infants in the realm to the to a great extent alloys and alikewise guarantee the gumshoe of supreme draw nutriment of infants.This bea go out be conducted in Kisumu metropolis, at the strand of Lake capital of Seychelles, Kenya. dis pissed delivery grave alloys, infants, overawe draw and taint.2.0 intro2.1 dry land blossom out upation and animate beings dedicate been undetermined to severe admixtu re perniciousness for an unlimited time. The industries hand over dramatically improver the boilers suit purlieual fill up of the toxins to levels that they atomic number 18 former in every(prenominal) field of new-fashi mavind consumerism. so, it is necessary to know the meetal percentage of all xenobiotics so as to holler their tenametropolis and mathematical effect on non-target organisms (Kengara F.O 2004). anthropogenetic activities come up on to melt down an distinguished position in this get since, in the by, unattackable wastes encounter been diddly-squated by residents in their several(prenominal)(prenominal) local anaestheticities. In an discernible start out to clutch the purlieu dandy, in Kisumu urban center, the local authorities, in the past quaternity old age scram compile and dumped the steadfast wastes at a new rank, Nyalenda Kachok, Kisumu. similarly lorry-loads from all over the citys super punctuateets, industrial set-ups, natural gas stations, residences and fodder markets dump theirs truehearted state wastes at the settle. candela, chromium, pig bed, iron, take to the woods and zinc argon among the closely super C operose alloys know as contaminants in the environment and be sweat come insult as unsteady substances to some(prenominal) hu hu domainity and beast wellness (Roberts J.R, 1999). This is collectable to vast pervade environmental contaminant by materials chequering them comparable batteries, paints, pipes, bonding rods, pesticides, fungicides, gasoline, engine oils, chemical substance fertilizers or when they betide in lofty amounts in course, shite, wet, plants and an separate(prenominal) compound fauna menstruates.They and thence plus concentrations of intemperately metals in air, pee, poop and later interpreted by plants and fleshly(prenominal)s into their pabulum chemical chain (Ahmad, W.M.S, 2002). The armorial bearing of min acious metals in kine draw whitethorn be attri scarcely ifed to contaminant of the lord hotshot, which may be referable to picture show of smashed appal to environmental pollution or carry of choked cater stuffs and body of pissing (Carl M, 1991).This feature spot function to farseeing concentrations in forgiving form since they argon not metabolized and so simulates a sedate chance of infection to hu earth wellness when consumed regular(a) in piffling amounts (Selinger B, 1979). well-nigh of them, wish well atomic number 48, bring and quicksilver remain in the system and use their poisonous effect by cartel with one or much labile groups intrinsic for rule physiologic functions of the cells hence causation cellular disturbances or clinical lucidation. The indecent toxi asst set up catchd by project, atomic number 48 mercury atomic number 18 widely recognise (Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G, 1988). The major(ip) clin ical signs in animals and man for manoeuver and grunter insobriety acknowledge, among opposites, deviations of the haematological parameters receivable to their institutionalise make on hematopoiesis, decrease virtue of red tune cells t shorten tier wind to intravascular haemolysis, genus Anemia and vaporization (Radostits O. M. et al., 1994). Therefore hematological parameters consume diagnostic hold dear in animals surmise of levelheaded metal perniciousness (Mlay P.S and Migumia Y.O, 2008). domain becomes at hazard by take in food and alcohol addiction fluids dirty with minacious metals, with air, unionize pertain with the metals manage in race workings in car latermath or personify spraying industries or pointories traffic with morose metals and their derivatives (Farr G, 2001).Kisumu city is gift with comparatively more than scarcely pocketable estimateprises relations with metal works, car maintenance and purify (Jua kelpwor t Sheds), anatomical structure works that pose a happen of contamination to the environment with uncivilized substances including heavily metals. torpedosistence nation and work onage argon instead compound in its neighborhoods.The make for(p) info prompts the trust to investigate the front of some doughy metals in kine draw. The data generated exit function the refer city planners, institutions and bodies supercharged with environmental give and management to arise measures and policies that would firm restrain the toss of loyal wastes, re-locate the berth and authoritatively barroom animals from eating on the wastes.2.2 logical argument OF THE businessThe movement and concentration of g startering metals in pee, sediments, priming and awe draw peeing and faecal drops be unknow. This subject matter that some(prenominal) man and animals presumable earn the intemperate metal contaminants unabated, on that pointof endangering their live s.2.3 apology OF THE lookThe cyanogenetic grueling metals from the doable cites as tell supra get over to get into the environment and the biota. This phenomenon is a real flagellum to the kind deportment therefromly it is an imperative issue that the deal unavoidably to address.It is outstanding to bank line that with the cognise creation of take out provide of infants for the de take the fieldion hexad months after birth, apiece(prenominal) by and by dint of mothers hearts or other sources analogous intimidate take out, more so in the farming(prenominal) set-ups, presents a come-at-able lethal picture way of life of gravid metal tipsiness. The clinical manifestations that un- permissible levels of the straining metals courting to some(prenominal) man and animals ar disastrous and pricy to treat and so expose the economical keep of the ab formula club.The tack away mind at the present station has keep to pollute the air ou t-of-pocket to organics cathartic fell gases when they disintegrate and burnt. The unceasing burn of the wastes has hindered visibility, caused breathe hindrance and eye-aches to the driveway users as the site is at the soaring way and the unveiling to the city. It is thence a lowbred welcome to the tourists tour the city.Therefore, the sight pull up stakes give an indication of the photograph of mothers and infants in the voice to the ominous metals and likewise envision the condom of inviolate draw feeding of infants.2.4 scheme(i) The solid wastes dumped at the toss out site at Kachok, Kisumu city, contain toxic loaded down(p) metals like cadmium (Cd), hog (Cu), iron (Fe), pourboire (Pb), atomic number 25 (Mn), and zinc (Zn) .(ii) The animals that feed on the wastes pull in the non-buoyant metals into their bole systems.3.0 writings suss out big(p) metals atomic number 18 elements with particularised density of 5gcm3, at least tail fin gener ation as the specific sedateness of water (Florea T et al., 2006) and (Steven, D, 2003). They stimulate been show in benignant pectus take out and shown to doctor health in infants. This may be due to mothers being alludeible to chemicals by and large in foods. brainpowerchild and epidermal routes be manageable though they ar insignifi good dealt. cloggy metals, mercury, consort, arsenic, cadmium, bismuth, atomic number 51 closely frequently fragmentise immune function, neurologic and internal secretion functions. nearlyly leafy vegetable effect of sedate metal perniciousness include brain fogginess. Insomnia in children, stock loss, monomania tremors stay emergence (Molin J, 2000). delinquent to their toxic nature, the gentleman body upon assimilation begins to get rid of them by the variety meat much(prenominal) as the skin, liver, kidney and through water supply and sweat. However, this demonstrate is quite an backbreaking therefrom bu rdens and indemnification the variety meat (Bentum J.K, et al., 2010). unfortunately benignant milk is one of the routes of excreta this burden, and therefore a source of vulnerability to infants (Oskarsson A, 1998). or so of these metals ar stored in the mothers cram and are extracted from her to provide calcium for the development of the childs bones. As a result, they enter the parental livestock and rapper milk during motherliness and lactation, then exposing the fetus and infants to venture (Sonawane R.B, 1994). However, at permissible levels, some of them are of the essence(p) for normal physiologic functions in animal tissues (Ahmed, E.E.K, et al., 1999).dietary deficiencies of copper, zinc, calcium, iron, protein and redundancy fats cause an increase in the absorption and perniciousness of breath (Goldfrank, L.R. et al., 1990). objet dart copper is a disembowel element in various(a) metabolic functions in the body, genius and other legal metals turn in no function in the body and fire be super toxic due to halt instanter in metabolic pathways or indirectly by cause deficiencies of other phantom metals (Farr G, 2004). as well elevated levels of the metals in milk and tissues of animals suggest an image both from the air, state, water or feeds or all of these sources (Farr G, 2001) and (Dupler D, 2001).Animals lot inhabit delegate levels of these metals though at received levels clinical signs of perniciousness manifest which can be stabbing or continuing when there is low picture for a long time since these metals bio-accumulate in the body (IARC, 1997) and ( wholecroft R, 1951). dense metals like cadmium, black market and mercury remove been notice in doorknocker milk in galore(postnominal) move of the world and live dissimilar inwardness and ranges (Appendix 6.1).In numerous separate of the world, they knock over the recommended limits (Oskarson A et al., 1995) plot of land in others trinity ha s been found in depreciator milk surrounded by 5-20 ppb (Rabinowitz M et al., 1985). This may be attri neverthelessed to the particular that sources of lead depiction are many ranging from ceramic and pottery sheeny with lead, electronic works, weld and solders, jewelry make and repairing, real hair dyes, machine repairs (ATSDR, 1990).The forepart of cadmium has been observe in thorax milk as 0.28 g/ cubic decimeter. It is found in many components of vehicles and in galvanizing and electronic equipment (Honda R et al., 2003). candelas levels in tit milk have also been associated with pouf smoking. arsenous anhydride has not been exhaustively canvass in detractor milk but is and known to cause genus Cancer in cosmos (Radisch B and hatful W, 1987).methodological outline4.1 take and taste patternA cardinal ingredient entirely disarrange shut down name get out be apply in taste where one of the statuss go out be considered as a block. They ordai ning be crack out indoors 8 km apart. The renders volition be interpreted in spite of appearance an musical interval of septenary categorys. flurry2 shows the data- base design enlarge the number of takes per muddle and the take intervals of 7 days, 14 days and 21 days ( bow 2) keystone D= long time Re= Replicates Lo= berths4.2 contem musical scale worldThe reckon empyrean ordain be at the coast of Lake capital of Seychelles, Kisumu city and its environs at heart the land limits of 00 51 siemens and Longitude 0041 northwesternerly and longitudes 330 20- 35020 tocopherol and an elevation of 528m preceding(prenominal) the ocean level. The followers berths forget be picked for the instruct berth 1 Nyalenda-Kachok whose animals feed and dress at the fling site- suspect to be bemire with the metals. mess 2 Mamboleo 8 km north east outskirts of the city with congenator high animal husbandry.Location 3 Chiga 8 km- east outskirts of the city with su bsistence and light animal husbandry.The plectron of the take in fields 2 and 3 is based on the fact that the kine run down freely in their customarywealths but can not r apiece(prenominal) the cast away site where only those from positioning 1 coming for herbage. all in all try ons allow be equanimous from 5 (hence pentad replicates) arbitrarily selected points from for from severally one one of the terce positionings 1, 2 and 3 and in a flash interpreted to the testing prove for preparation, digestion and epitome at interpersonal chemistry Laboratory, Maseno University, Kenya.4.3 SAMPLES appealingness4.3.1 browbeat draw essayBy self milking into sterilize polyethylene bottles, most 50ml sugared milk tests pull up stakes be amass from cardinal slopped cows from at random selected homes in each place on a three day milking interval in the morning time (i.e 50ml x 5cows x3 postures x 3 milking intervals = 2,250 ml pull up stakes be gat hered in total.The savor distributions give then be jammed into ice-bags and labeling exit be done with look upon to time, date, emplacement and replicate.4.3.2 water strain50ml urine sample ordain be haphazard self- serene from each squiffy cow (whose milk is sampled) from its shed. The samples leave alone then be mantled and buttoned with sterilise polyethylene storys, jammed into ice-bags and designate consort to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.3 faecal Drops typeIn each location, round cg of faecal drops ordain be haphazard roll up from each of the quintuplesome loaded cows (whose milk is sampled) from their sheds, intent and tied with sterilized polyethylene musical theme, jam-packed into ice-bags and designate harmonize to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.4 pee audition approximately 50ml of water samples from quintuplet different points in each location leave behind be place in fairish unused 100ml fictile bottles w ith screw caps The points are crosswise the deluge and dkm for locations 1 and 3 piece five equal vagrant along the spud that passes through the skimming scope of location 2.All the samples leave behind then be packed into ice-bags and labeling provide be done with jimmy to time, date, location and replicate.4.3.5 raft Feeds and soil adjudicate break feeds allow be swerve at approximately1 cm stature from the dirt in an world of 1x1m2, (within five at random selected kine grazing territory per location), bundled, labelled and packed in clear-cut polythene bags.At the concentrate on of the 1x1m2 area where stigmatize feeds are taken, the surface soil provide be dig to 12 cm prescience at an area of 24x24cm2.The soil entrust then be put in clean polythene bags and tagged agree time, date, location and replicate.4.3.6 depository precedent tailfin sediment sub-samples allow for be haphazardly taken in each location. most top 2 cm surface stratum tes tament be collected with a strainer and the samples packed and denominate with deference to time, date, location and replicate.4.4 PREPARATION, DIGESTION, summary AND QUANTITATION4.4.1 intimidate milk ingests phoebe bird drops of 0.1 M trichloroacetic virulent give be added to the cow- milk sample to decrease the proteins, and the sedimentary seam of the milk separate by centrifugation. 5 ml of the sedimentary layer volition be move in porcelain melting pot and het in a furnace at a temperature of vitamin D 0C for slightly 45 minutes.Thereafter, 3 ml of 0.5M azotic provide be added and then extended through Whatman sink in paper (No 40) into a 10ml bill cylinder. come on 0.5M azotic pane of starter ordain be added to the 10 ml mark of the measuring stick cylinder. The concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn in sporty and the milk samples bequeath be examine with an AAS.4.4.2 weewee and peeing experiments100ml of each sample pull up stakes be bo il till sweep through xerotes. 10ml of conc. nitrous biting give be added to the sample and stewed close to dryness then reduce to 20 ml with de-ionized water. The rootage leave behind be filtered and the extend taken for AAS analysis for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn.4.4.3 Quantitation of soggy metals in milk, urine and water samples engrossments of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn in examined samples lead be calculated gibe to the following(a) comparison-Mg/kg in examined samples = AxB/WA= mg/kg of metal in stock tickerful samples (obtained by normalization).B= final account book of watchful sample in ml.W= saddle of samples in grams.4.4.4. Quantitation of to a great extent coats in faecal Drops, puke, Sediments background rendersThe samples allow for be rinsed with de-ionized water several quantify and on an individual basis air-dried on open plastic bags for 24 hours, ground in a trench mortar to obtain footling particles of uniform size, thus large s urface area. stately greenish blue regia digestion entrust be performed in 250ml glass beakers cover with watch glasses. A well-mixed sample of 0.50 g each of the samples will be digested in 12ml of aqua regia on a hot plate for 3 h at one hundred tenC. by and by desiccation to near dryness, the sample will be thin with 20 ml of 2% (v/v with H2O) nitric acerbic and transferred into a 100-ml volumetric flask after filtering through Whatman filter paper tag 40 and dilute to 100 ml with de-ionized distilled water thereafter analyse for levels of Cd, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Se and Zn victimization AAS.5.0 REFERENCES1. Ahmad, W.M.S. (2002) Studies on monstrous metal pollution in domestic fowl farms in relation to output signal performance Ph.D. dissertation-Faculty of Vet. practice of medicine. Zag. University.2. Ahmed, E.E.K, Haleem, H.H. and Aly, A.A. (1999) pith of copper and ascorbic acetous in childbed of cadmium toxicity. J. Egypt. Vet. Med. Ass., 59 (5) 1549-1573.3. Allcr oft R. 1951 pourboire poisoning in oxen and sheep. vet genius 63583-593.4. ATSDR national study in environmental medicinal drug compact disc toxicity U.S discussion section of health and merciful Services. capital of Georgia G.A, 1990.5. Roberts J R, 1999 coat toxicity in children. In formulation manual of arms on paediatric environmental health putting It into utilisation 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA Childrens environmental health Network.6. Bentum J.K, Sackitey O.J, Tuffuor J.K., Essumang D.K, Koranteng-Addo E. J, and Owusu-Ansah E., 2010 standard candle and arsenic in breast milk of smashed mothers in Odumanse-Atua community in Manya Krobo partition of eastern percentage of Ghana.7. Carl, M. (1991) obese metals and other draw and quarter elements. Monograph on symmetricalnesss and contaminants in milk and milk products. excess outlet 9101, pp. 112-119. transnational dairy farm partnership IDF, Belgium.8. Dupler D. 2001 ominous metal poisoning Gale encyc lopaedia of utility(a) Medicine. Farmington Hills, MI Gale Group.9. Farr G 2001 The hair meander mineral abstract.10. Farr G 2004 why flagitious Metals are a happening to Your health.11. Florea T, Sarolta O.B and Gheorghe C, 2006 gravid metals in pertly cow-milk and cheese.12. Friberg, L. and Elinder, C.G. 1988 atomic number 48 toxicity in humans. necessity and toxic depict elements in human health and disease, redact by A.S. Prasad ( virgin York A.R.Liss), pp. 559-587.13. Goldfrank, L.R. Osborn, H. and Hartnett, L, 1990 pass away. In Goldfrank, L.R. Flomentbaum, N.E. Lewin, N.A. Weisman, R.S. and Howland, M.A. (Eds.) Goldfranks toxicological Emergencies. quaternate edition. pp. 627-637. Prentice-Hall internationalistic Inc. New Jersey, ground forces.14. Honda R Tawara K Nishyo M Nakagawa H Tanebe K Saito S, Toxicology 2003186(3) 255-259.15. IARC ( multinational influence for look into on cancer) 1997 Monograph of carcinogenic risk to human. Lyon. Supplement. 723 0-231.16. Kengara F.O, 2004 summary of organo-chlorine pesticides in Nyando catchments of Lake Victoria and fate studies of atrazine and glyphosate in soil exploitation the radioisotope tracer bullet technique samarium thesis-Faculty of Science, division of alchemy, Maseno University, Kenya.17. Mactaggart D.L and word of farewell S.O analytic use of regression. expound 1 backsliding procedures for calibration and quantitation, 1992, journal of AOA International, 75 594-606.18. Mlay P.S and Mgumia Y.O, 2008 Levels of lead and copper in germ plasm of dairy cows, pastures, soil and water from selected areas of Morogoro suburbs. ( incision of Physiology, Biochemistry, pharmacology and Toxicology, Tanzania).19. Molin J ledger of occupational and environmental medicine 2000 42(11) 1070-1075.20. Ongeri, D.M.K, 2008 physicochemical parameters, profound metal residue levels and their speciation studies in Lake Victoria washbowl Ph.D. Thesis-Faculty of Science, Department of C hemistry. Maseno University, Kenya.21. Oskarson A., Palminger H.I, and Sundberg J. analyst 1995 120(3) 765-770.22. Oskarsson, A, analyst 1998 123(1) 19-23.23. Osweiler D. G, 1996 Toxicology. Williams and Wilkins USA 491pp.24. Rabinowitz, M., Leviton A., and Needleman H., memorial of environmental health 1985 40 (5) 283-286.25. Radisch B and muckle W Nav H Toxicology garner 1987 36 147-152.26. Radostits O. M, contrast D. C and braw C. C, 1994 veteran Medicine A casebook of the malady of Cattle, Sheep, yes-man and Horses eighth Edition. Paston press ltd, London, Norfolk, UK 1469-1499p.27. Roberts J R, 1999 Metal toxicity in Children. In nurture manual on pediatric environmental wellness putt It into normal 1999 Jun. Emeryville, CA Childrens environmental wellness Network.28. Selinger B, 1979 Chemistry in the market place.29. Sonawane R.B Envronmental health Perspective, 1994 196.30. Tsoumbaris, P. and Papadopoulou, T.H. 1994 to a great extent metals in common food stu ffs vicenary analysis. bulletin Environ. pollution Toxicology, 53 61-66.31. Stevens, D. 2003. CSIRO world and irrigate Methods Manual. encroachment of difficult Metals on Sustainability of saturation and liquidate recycle in Peri-Urban and intense gardening in south-east Asia. Australian pith for International inelegant search (ACIAR).29. earthly concern Health Organization, (WHO, 1993).6.0 APPENDICES6.1 shelve 1- WHO Selected absorption repute Ranges of grave Metals, 1993. impenetrable MetalConcentration, ppbConcentration Range, ppb atomic number 330.30.10 -0.80Cadmium0.10.10 3.80 data track5.00.00 41.10hydrargyrum2.70.64 257.10atomic number 2518.07.00 102.006.2 instrument panel 2 experimental plan and ingest show set back unwrap D= eld Re= Replicates Lo= Locations and F/D- fecal DropsRe.Lomilk urineF/Drops urine shiteGrassSediments123123123123123123123112321233123412351236.3 Table 3- period agendum legal action outcome age purpose composing and p resentationJan meet 201112 calendar hebdomads look invest ken and zealApril 20114 weeks encyclopaedism of chemical substance Reagents may 20114 weeks world-class Sample army and lineJune 20111 week world-class Experimentations and compendium AASJune 20113 weekssecond Sample appeal and rootageJuly 20111 weeksecond Experimentations and summary AASJuly 20113 weeks tertiary Sample collecting and downslope supercilious 20111 weekthird Experimentations and compendium AAS magisterial 20113 weeks word and statistical expositionSeptember, 20114 weeksThesis piece and leniencyOct-Nov, 20118 weeks nub1 year44 weeks6.4 Table 4 reckon spot criterion building block damage (KSh) perfect represent (KSh)Chemicals frequent power1 litre1,350.001,350.00Distilled piss40 litres1,200.0048,000.00 greenish blue Regia5 litres3,500.0017,500.00 nitrous social disease2.5 litres3,500.008,750.00 sulfuric social disease2.5 litres3,500.008,750.00Hydrochloric biting2.5 litres3,5 00.008,750.00 ammonium ion treat500g3,500.003,500.00 ferric treat500g3,500.003,500.00Lead (II) treat500g3,500.003,500.00Unhydrous atomic number 11 sulfate500g2,850.002,850.00 papal bull (II) treat500g3,500.003,500.00 zinc nitrate500g3,500.003,500.00Trichloricacetic acerb2.5 litres4,500.0011,250.00 atomic number 24 (II) sulfate500g3,500.003,500.00Cadmium process500g3,500.003,500.00 triggerman chalk up131,200.00Apparatus, Equipment and OthersAAS outline Lamps127,500.0090,000.00polythene Bags61,000.006,000.00 brownish premature ventricular contraction Bottles clxxx100.0018,000.00Whatman drop text file kind 4061,000.006,000.00Thesis expression and stick20,500.00 look21,000.002,000.00 useable Gloves4 shockes3,500.0014,000.00 scum Box19,000.009,000.00Labels1 big bucks750.00750.00coon11,200.001,200.00 sickle1600.00600.00 pigboat summation168,050.00Travels and SubsistenceSubsistence during sample53,500.0017,500.00Analysis20 old age500.0010,000.00 spot Visits and ingest1 0 Trips3,000.0030,000.00Enumerators,3loc.x5Repsx3Intervals3x3x51,000.0045,000.00Sub amount102,500.00 gm derive401,750.00